Rajender Boddula (editor) - Handbook of supercapacitor materials

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 8
7. Chapter 9
8. Chapter 10
9. Chapter 11

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11

Edited by

Rajender Boddula
Anish Khan
Abdullah M. Asiri
Aleksandr E. Kolosov

Editors

Dr. Rajender Boddula
CAS Key Lab of Nanosystems
National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
100190 Beijing
China

Dr. Anish Khan
Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research
King Abdulaziz University
Department of Chemistry
21589 Jeddah
P.O. Box 80203
Saudi Arabia

Prof. Abdullah M. Asiri
King Abdulaziz University
Department of Chemistry
P.O. Box 80203
21589 Jeddah
Saudi Arabia

Dr. Aleksandr E. Kolosov
National Technical University of Ukraine
Department of Chemical Engineering
37 Prospect Peremohy
03056 Kiev
Ukraine

Cover Images: Courtesy of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy.

All books published by WILEYVCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.:
applied for

British Library CataloguinginPublication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at .

2022 WILEYVCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 9783527346875

ePDF ISBN: 9783527824762

ePub ISBN: 9783527824786

oBook ISBN: 9783527824779

The rapid population growth, diminution of fossil fuel sources, and development of lightweight portable devices and consumer electronics have been boosted demand for faster sustainable energy storage systems. Among the energy storage devices, supercapacitors are the most promising energy storage devices because of their high energy and power density, long cycle life, fast rate of chargedischarge, and excellent safety compared to battery devices. The supercapacitors find applications in hybrid electric vehicles, backup memory systems, portable electronic devices, etc. The performance of the supercapacitors mainly depends on the efficiency of the electrode materials. Therefore, supercapacitor materials have become the main focus of energy science in the past decade.

The book titled Handbook of supercapacitor materials explores aspects of synthesis methods, properties, fundamental concepts, and mechanisms of supercapacitor electrode materials. It focuses on supercapacitor performance utilizing electrical doublelayer electrodes (carbons and their composites) and pseudocapacitor electrodes (conducting polymers and inorganic materials such as metal hydroxides, metal oxides, perovskites, etc.), and stateoftheart studies are discussed in detail. It is a valuable reference guide for graduate students, faculties, engineers, and scientists in electrochemistry, solidstate chemistry, energy science, and material science.

Jess Muiz, Ana K. CuentasGallegos, Miguel Robles, Alfredo GuillnLpez, Diego R. LobatoPeralta, and Jojhar E. PascoeSussoni

Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, Instituto de Energas Renovables, Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, Temixco, Morelos, CP 62580, Mxico

The term lignocellulosic biomass makes reference to organic matter such as dry plants, food, crops, forestry and farming residues, municipal solid wastes, among others [.

Cellulose is a compound of the polysaccharide's family and is considered as the most abundant organic polymer in nature are shown some biomasses and their cellulose content.

Cellulose is usually extracted to obtain valueadded products. An easy way to extract it is via solvents. It is well known that cellulose can be dissolved in different substances, being NaOHbased solvents an attractive option because of the low cost and easy recovery . After its extraction, cellulose can be treated to obtain new products for diverse applications:

• Ethanol production: Once cellulose is separated from hemicellulose and lignin, it can be subjected to an enzymatic hydrolysis process. Because of this enzymatic hydrolysis, cellulose is broken down into glucose units, which can be fermented to obtain ethanol.
• Cellulose fibers: These materials are characterized by lightweight, low cost, biodegradability, good mechanical properties, among others. Cellulose fibers are often used as a reinforcement material in diverse industries such as automotive, packaging, marine, constructions, and military ].
• Cellulose films/membranes: Cellulose can be treated to obtain films/membranes with diverse applications such as packaging films, water treatment, and drug wrapping [.

Outline of the cellulose molecule.

Examples of cellulose content in different biomasses.

Hemicellulose is a biopolymer characterized for having a nonlinear structure. After the cellulose, hemicellulose is the most abundant carbohydrate present in the plant cell walls, representing between 15% and 20% of its mass , some examples of hemicellulose content are presented.