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Energy from Biological Processes

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Also available in paperback

A Westview Special Study

Energy from Biological Processes: Technical and Policy Options

Office of Technology Assessment

This report from the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) explores the energy potential and policy implications of biomass during the next 20 years and assesses the technology and the economic, environmental, and social impacts of bioenergy development. Biomass-wood and other plant materials-is a renewable source of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels that has the potential to meet a significant portion of U.S. and world energy demands. This report considers combinations of possible biomass sources as well as bioconversion technologies and applications.

Four biomass processes are described in detail: combustion and gasification of wood, anaerobic digestion of animal manure, conversion of crop residue, and production of gasohol. Those biomass combinations with the greatest potential for contributing to future energy supplies are identified, and policies to reduce or eliminate barriers to their commercialization are evaluated.

The Office of Technology Assessment was created in 1972 as an advisory arm of the U.S. Congress. OTA's basic function is to help legislative policymakers anticipate and plan for the consequences of technological changes and to examine the many ways, expected and unexpected, in which technology affects people's lives. The assessment of technology calls for exploration of the physical, biological, economic, social, and political impacts that can result from applications of scientific knowledge. OTA provides Congress with independent and timely information about the potential effects-both beneficial and harmful-of technological applications.

Energy from Biological Processes: Technical and Policy Options

Office of Technology Assessment

Office of Technology Assessment

Energy From Biological Processes Advisory Panel

Thomas Ratchford, Chairman Associate Executive Director, American Association for the Advancement of Science

• Henry Art
  • Center for Environmental Studies
  • Williams College
• Stanley Barber
  • Department of Agronomy
  • Purdue University
• John Benemann
  • Sanitary Engineering Laboratory
  • University of California, Richmond
• Paul F. Bente, Jr.
  • Executive Director
  • The Bio-Energy Council
• Calvin Burwell
  • Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Robert Hirsch
  • EXXON Research and Engineering Co
• Robert Hodam
  • California Energy Commission
• Kip Howlett
  • Georgia Pacific Corp.
• Ralph Kienker
  • Monsanto Co
• Dean Kleckner
  • President
  • Iowa Farm Bureau Federation
• Kevin Markey
  • Friends of the Earth
• Jacques Maroni
  • Energy Planning Manager
  • Ford Motor Co.
• Michael Neushul
  • Marine Science Institute
  • University of California, Santa Barbara
• William Scheller
  • Department of Chemical Engineering
  • University of Nebraska
• Kenneth Smith
  • Office of Appropriate Technology
  • State of California
• Wallace Tyner
  • Department of Agricultural Economics
  • Purdue University

NOTE: The Advisory Panel provided advice and comment throughout the assessment, but the members do not necessarily approve, disapprove, or endorse the report for which OTA assumes full responsibility.

Energy From Biological Processes Project Staff

Lionel S. Johns, Assistant Director, OTA Energy, Materials, and International Security Division

Richard E. Rowberg, Energy Program Manager
Thomas E. Bull, Project Director
A. Jenifer Robison, Assistant Project Director
Audrey Buyrn*
Steven Plotkin, Environmental Effects
Richard Thoreson, Economics
Franklin Tugwell, Policy Analysis
Peter Johnson, Ocean Kelp Farms
Mark Gibson, Federal Programs

Administrative Staff

Marian Growchowski

Lisa Jacobson

Lillian Quigg

Yvonne White

Supplements to Staff
David Sheridan, Editor
Stanley Clark

Working Group on Photosynthetic Efficiency and Plant Growth

• Olle Bjorkman
  • Carnegie Institution
  • Stanford University

• Glenn Burton
  • Southern Region
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture

• Gary Heichel
  • North Central Region
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • University of Minnesota

• Edgar Lemon
  • Northeastern Region
  • U.S. Department of Agriculture
  • Cornell University

• Richard Radmer
  • Martin-Marietta Laboratory

OTA Publishing Staff

John C. Holmes, Publishing Officer

Kathie S. Boss

Debra M. Datcher

Joanne Heming

*Project director from April 1978 to December 1978

First published 1981 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2018 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1981 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 80-600118
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-01874-0 (hbk)

Contents

1. iii
2. vi
3. vii

Guide

This assessment responds to a request by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation for an evaluation of the energy potential of various sources of plant and animal matter (biomass). This report complements an earlier OTA report on the Application of Solar Technology to Today's Energy Needs in evaluating the major solar energy resources available to the United States, The findings also will serve as part of the material to be used in an upcoming OTA assessment of synthetic fuels for transportation.

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