Robert Orr Whyte - The Women Of Rural Asia

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The Women of Rural Asia

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Westview Special Studies on Women in Contemporary Society

The Women of Rural Asia Robert Orr Whyte and Pauline Whyte

Many studies of rural areas have ignored half the population of those areas--the women who play vital roles in family economies, and thus in national economies, throughout the world. This study looks at the social and economic status, family and workforce roles, and quality of life of women in the rural sectors of monsoonal and equatorial Asia, from Pakistan to Japan, where life often is characterized by unemployment, underemployment, and poverty.

The Whytes note that it has become increasingly necessary for rural women in this region to contribute to family budgets in ways beyond their traditional roles in crop production and animal husbandry. Many women are responding by taking part in rural industries, yet the considerable disadvantages under which they laborless opportunity for education, lower pay, and poor access to resources and high-status jobs--render them much less effective than they could be in their efforts to increase production and reduce poverty.

Drawing on the more than 500 books, articles, and reports that are listed in the bibliography, as well as on their own field observations, the Whytes provide a descriptive analysis of the historical, cultural, and environmental causes of women's current status in rural Asia, an analysis requisite to improving the quality of these women's lives and enabling them to contribute to the economy without excessive disruption of family life and the social structure of the rural communities. The Whytes also review the activities of national and international agencies in relation to the status of women, outline major needs, and point to current indicators of change.

Dr. Robert Orr Whyte is an honorary research fellow at the Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, where Pauline Whyte is his research assistant. Since 1965 they have concentrated on the study of applied ecology--plant, animal, and human--in monsoonal and equatorial Asia. Among their numerous publications are Crop Production and Environment (1962) and Land, Livestock, and Human Nutrition in India (1968).

The Women of Rural Asia

Robert Orr Whyte and Pauline Whyte

First published 1982 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1982 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 82-70031

ISBN 13: 978-0-865-31278-4 (hbk)

In memory of Elspeth McGregor Kraicsovits

Contents

1. ii
2. iii
3. xviii
4. xix

Guide

1. Tables
2. Figures

This study was made while the authors were working at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. They would like to thank the Institute, particularly the staff of the Library, for valuable help given. The authors are also indebted to the many people who have carried out research throughout Asia for their generous assistance in providing unpublished papers, comments and advice.

Robert Orr Whyte
Pauline Whyte

What though I was born a woman, comrades, count it not for blame If I bring the wiser counsels.

The Lysistrata , Aristophanes

1
Scope and Objectives

Over the past decade women from most parts of the world have begun to question the value their societies attribute to women's role and the way in which this affects their status. Western women have sought explanations for their subordinate position in the evolution and history of human societies by comparing the position of women in pre-industrial cultures or those which have developed along different lines. Knowledge of the daily lives of women in the developing world, however, is still fragmentary. Too little is known of the way in which historical processes, religious and mythological beliefs and the structure of societies have contributed to the status of women today and still define the roles they perform, while modern economic pressures increasingly modify the traditional picture.

Our aim here, however, has not been primarily to explain the reasons for female subordination, though historical causes for sub-regional differences are discussed. Rather we consider how available knowledge of women's role and status in Asia is relevant to rural development generally. What do national governments and other agencies need to know in planning the social and technical improvements that are likely to benefit third world women and their societies? We try here to depict some of the forces that have shaped the lives of women in the different countries of Asia. Evidence shows the vital role they play in family and, therefore, in national economies, and how this role is being affected by changes brought about by the modernization of technology and the incessant and increasing pressure of population on the land.

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