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Anju Saxena - Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects of Kanashi

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Kanashi, a Sino-Tibetan (ST) language belonging to the West Himalayish (WH) subbranch of this language family, is spoken in one single village (Malana in Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh state, India), which is surrounded by villages where - entirely unrelated - Indo-Aryan (IA) languages are spoken. Until we started working on Kanashi, very little linguistic material was available. Researchers have long speculated about the prehistory of Kanashi: how did it happen that it ended up spoken in one single village, completely cut off from its closest linguistic relatives? Even though suggestions have been made of a close genealogical relation between Kanashi and Kinnauri (another WH language), at present separated by over 200 km of rugged mountainous terrain, their shared linguistic features have not been discussed in the literature.

Based on primary fieldwork, this volume presents some synchronic and diachronic aspects of Kanashi. The synchronic description of Kanashi includes a general introduction on Malana and the Kanashi language community (chapter 1), linguistic descriptions of its sound system (chapter 2), of phonological variation in Kanashi (chapter 4), of its grammar (chapter 3) and of its intriguing numeral systems (chapter 5), as well as basic vocabulary lists (Kanashi-English, English-Kanashi) (chapter 9).

As for the diachronic and genealogical aspects (chapters 6-8), we compare and contrast Kanashi with other ST languages of this region (in particular languages of Kinnaur, notably Kinnauri), thereby uncovering some intriguing linguistic features common to Kanashi and Kinnauri which provide insights into their common history. For instance: a subset of borrowed IA nouns and adjectives in both languages end in -(a) or -(a)s, elements which do not otherwise appear in Kanashi or Kinnauri, nor in the IA donor languages (chapter 6); and both languages have a valency changing mechanism where the valency increasing marker -ja alternates with the intransitive marker -e(d) in borrowed IA verbs (again: elements without an obvious provenance in the donor or recipient language) (chapter 7). These features are neither found in IA languages nor in the WH languages geographically closest to Kanashi (Pattani, Bunan, Tinani), but only in Kinnauri, which is spoken further away. Intriguingly, traces of some of these features are also found in some ST languages belonging to different ST subgroups (both WH and non-WH), spoken in Uttarakhand in India and in western Nepal (e.g. Rongpo, Chaudangsi, Raji and Raute). This raises fundamental questions regarding genealogical classification, language contact and prehistory of the WH group of languages and of this part of the Indian Himalayas, which are also discussed in the volume (chapter 8).

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Trends in Linguistics Documentation TiLDOC Edited by Hans Henrich Hock - photo 1

Trends in Linguistics. Documentation [TiLDOC]

Edited by

Hans Henrich Hock

Volume

ISBN 9783110703153

e-ISBN (PDF) 9783110703245

e-ISBN (EPUB) 9783110703276

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

2022 Anju Saxena, Lars Borin, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston // The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Funded by Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrdet

Anju Saxena and Lars Borin

Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects of Kanashi

Trends in Linguistics Documentation 38

Editors

Walter Bisang

Hans Henrich Hock

Editor responsible for this volume

Hans Henrich Hock

Synchronic and Diachronic Aspects of Kanashi

Edited by Anju Saxena and Lars Borin

The research and the results presented in this volume as well as its - photo 2

The research and the results presented in this volume as well as its open-access publication have been supported by funding from the Swedish Research Council, for the projects Documentation of an endangered language: Kunashi (grant 2014-00560) and South Asia as a linguistic area? Exploring big-data methods in areal and genetic linguistics (grant 2014-00969).

ISBN 978-3-11-070315-3 e-ISBN PDF 978-3-11-070324-5 e-ISBN EPUB - photo 3

ISBN 978-3-11-070315-3

e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-070324-5

e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-070327-6

DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110703245

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons - photo 4

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021951796

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

2022 Anju Saxena, Lars Borin, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.

The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com.

Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck

www.degruyter.com

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude for the support, encouragement and help which we received from Kanashi speakers. We especially remember with gratitude our oldest Kanashi language consultant, fondly referred to as Mr. Shukur Kardarji who sadly passed away at a much too early age for his enthusiasm for our project as well as for generously sharing his knowledge of Kanashi with us. A special note of thanks to Mrs. Suari Devi and her family for their warm welcome, and in particular to Mrs. Suari Devi for sharing her keen insights on Kanashi and for her patience during long data collection sessions, despite her busy schedule. We would also like to thank Ms. Anita, Mrs. Thakur Dasi, Mr. Inder Dev, Mr. Motiram, Mr. Ganga Ram, Ms. Purba, and other Kanashi speakers for their invaluable help and cooperation.

Thanks also to Ms. Santosh Negi, Dr. Prafulla Basumatay, Dr. Tashi Konchok, and Mr. Lalit Thakur (Chand View guest house in Malana) for their help in the field, as well as to the project assistants Armin Chiocchetti and Giada Falcone at Uppsala University.

We are also grateful to Stig Eliasson for his valuable comments on phonological issues (, and to Barbara Karlson (De Gruyter Mouton) and Charlotte Webster (Konvertus) for their support during the preparation of the camera-ready manuscript.

This volume is based on the linguistic fieldwork d ata collected a s p art of the project Documentation of an endangered language: Kunashi, funded by the Swedish Research Council, contract no. 201400560. The work presented in was conducted in part in the project South Asia as a linguistic area? Exploring big-data methods in areal and genetic linguistics, funded by the Swedish Research Council, contract no. 2014-00969. The open access publication of this volume has been supported by the Swedish Research Council through its funding of these projects.

Abbreviations

For the phonetic and phonemic transcription conventions used in this volume, see the introductions to .

The morpheme-by-morpheme glossing conventions used in linguistic examples are as far as possible those of the Leipzig Glossing Rules: https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php. The following table shows the glossing abbreviations used, where items not provided in the Leipzig Glossing Rules are indicated by a preceding asterisk (*).

Abbr.FeatureAbbr.Feature
1first personINTRintransitive
*1/2Ofirst/second person objectLOClocative
2second personMmasculine
3third person* MDLmiddle
ABLablative*m.namemale personal name
ACCaccusative* N, Nnoun
* ADEadessiveN-non-, not
AdjadjectiveNEGnegation, negative
AdvadverbNMLZnominalizer
ALLallativeNOMnominative
* ASPaspect*NPnoun phrase
AuxauxiliaryOBLoblique
* BEauxiliary (PASSpassive
*CconsonantPFVperfective
CAUScausativePLplural
COMcomitative* PLEplural exclusive
* CXcase suffix* PLIplural inclusive
DATdative*p.nameplace name
DEM, DemdemonstrativePOSSpossessive
* DIMdiminutive*Propronoun
* DISTdistal, distantPROGprogressive
DUdualPROHprohibitive
* EMPemphaticPROXproximal, proximate
ERGergativePRSpresent
EXCLexclusivePSTpast
FfeminineQquestion marker
* FINfinite*Qntquantifier
*f.namefemale personal nameREFLreflexive
FUTfuture*SAPspeech act participant
GENgenitiveSGsingular
* Hhonorific* TAMtense-aspect-mood
* HAB
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