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Lisa Merkel-Holguin - A History of Child Welfare

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Lisa Merkel-Holguin A History of Child Welfare

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Lisa Merkel-Holguin - A History of Child Welfare
A History of Child Welfare
Lisa Merkel-Holguin
A History of Child Welfare

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A History of
child welfare
First published 1996 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1996 by the Child Welfare League of America, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 95-677
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A history of child welfare / edited by Eve P. Smith and Lisa A. Merkel- Holgurn.
p. cm.
Original title: Lessons from the past. A history of child welfare (an issue of the journal Child Welfare). Original publisher, The Child Welfare League of America, Inc., January/February 1995Data sheet.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 1-56000-866-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Child welfareUnited StatesHistory. I. Smith, Eve P. II. Merkel- Holgum, Lisa A.
HV741.H55 1995
362.7'0973-dc20
95-677
CIP
ISBN 13: 978-1-56000-866-8 (pbk)
A History of Child Welfare, a special volume commemorating the Child Welfare League of Americas 75th anniversary, endeavors to (1) illustrate the importance of, and stimulate interest in, child welfare history; (2) demonstrate the linkages between historical and current child welfare practice and policy; and (3) encourage researchers to include child welfare history in their research perspectives. It is our hope that this historical issue will encourage readers to ask themselves a series of questions: What can the child welfare field learn from its past? How does and/or should child welfare history influence present-day practice and policy? How can I incorporate lessons from the past into my work?
Overarching Themes
The 15 chapters in this volume cover a range of social conditions, public policies, and approaches to solving problems. Though history does not repeat itself precisely, problems, controversies about solutions, and certain themes do. For example, our society is currently experiencing a recurrence of the kind of social and economic conditions that correlate with increasing rates of child abuse and neglect and an increasing number of children in out of home care. The public perception that we see being resurrected from the past is that many impoverished families are a bad influence on their children and that the children are better off removed from them, which is followed by controversy and polemics over ways to cope with the situation.
Some approaches have been useful, others have not. Success, however, has never meant that society would remember what worked. Some policy decisions, when viewed from a historical perspective, were clearly made in ignorance. It is evident that the child welfare system needs to make use of its own past, evaluating the lessons learned, studying past mistakes, and building on successes.
The Chapters
Although it is impossible to cover all the arenas and aspects of the child welfare field in one volume, we have attempted to provide a range of perspectives, and in doing so, we hope to demonstrate the uses of history.
Child Welfares Challenge
The book begins with four chapters about conditions that led to the need for child welfare services, and societys views of impoverished families and children:
  • In Child Welfare in Fiction and Fact, Robert Bremner describes the portrayal of child welfare conditions in novels and stories of nineteenth century English and American literature, and points out that these stories reflect then-prevailing views regarding the child welfare system. Prominent was the idea that keeping children with their own families, or placing them in new families that would love and care for them, was best for the children.
  • The movement against child labor brought new difficulties for family service workers in the first few decades of the twentieth century. Beverly Stadums chapter, The Dilemma in Saving Children from Child Labor, concerns the actions of children, families, and social workers who were caught up in the conflict between the economic pressures of families who needed childrens incomes and the implementation of new child labor policies.
  • In The Child Welfare Response to Youth Violence and Homelessness, Kristine Nelson compares the economic conditions and social crises of the growing number of homeless children and the rates of violence of the 1850s to those of the 1980s. Nelson notes that both crises were consequences of laissez-faire economic policies.
  • Despite research that almost always connects neglect with problems of poverty, society continues for the most part to blame mothers instead of working toward systemic change. In An Outrage to Common Decency, Karen Swift documents historical connections to present-day views of child neglect.
Responding to the Need
Solutions to the problems discussed above were as varied as the professionals who advocated for them. The eight chapters in the next section include discussions of child day care, various forms of out-of-home care, and adoption.
  • William Tuttle, in Rosie the Riveter and Her Latchkey Children, describes the U.S. governments swiftness in moving to create and fund a system of child day care during the Second World War, as well as food programs for working mothers and their children. This demonstration proved that rapid program development and implementation for children and families is possible when the need of the nation is great enough.
  • In Bring Back Orphanages? What Policymakers of Today Can Learn from the Past, Eve Smith describes the orphanages of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and concludes that inherent difficulties would make it virtually impossibleor at best, extremely expensiveto recreate them. She also reminds us that even in the heyday of orphanages, many professionals criticized institutional living as not being in childrens best interests, and preferred family care.
  • The social ethos that evolved during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries led to the development of institutions by the African American community. Struggling against racism and segregation, African American women pursued the development of child welfare facilities for African American children. Wilma Peebles-Wilkins describes the nature of such developments with her chapter, Janie Porter Barrett and the Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls.
  • Turning to the subject of family foster care, Tun Hacsi, in From Indenture to Foster Care, affords an overview of the history of out-of-home care, stressing major societal changes that led to program changes. He shows how conflicting and difficult-to-reconcile goals and beliefs contribute to the current shape of government-funded care.
  • Jeanne Cook, in A History of Placing-Out: The Orphan Trains, describes the program of the Childrens Aid Society, which sent approximately 150,000 children to homes in western states between 1853 and 1929. The Society deliberately removed children from the reach of parentsostensibly for the good of the children.
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