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Sebastian Klor - Between Exile and Exodus: Argentinian Jewish Immigration to Israel, 1948–1967

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Between Exile and Exodus: Argentinian Jewish Immigration to Israel, 1948–1967
Author:
Sebastian Klor
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Wayne State University Press
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Books / Home and family
Year:
2017
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Between Exile and Exodus: Argentinian Jewish Immigration to Israel, 1948-1967 examines the case of the 16,500 Argentine Jewish immigrants who arrived in Israel during the first two decades of its existence (1948-1967). Based on a thorough investigation of various archives in Argentina and Israel, author Sebastian Klor presents a sociohistoric analysis of that immigration with a comparative perspective. Although many studies have explored Jewish immigration to the State of Israel, few have dealt with the immigrants themselves.

Between Exile and Exodus offers fascinating insights into this migration, its social and economic profiles, and the motivation for the relocation of many of these people. It contributes to different areas of study- Argentina and its Jews, Jewish immigration to Israel, and immigration in general. This books integration of a computerized database comprising the personal data of more than 10,000 Argentinian Jewish immigrants has allowed the author to uncover their stories in a direct, intimate manner. Because immigration is an individual experience, rather than a collective one, the author aims to address the individuals perspective in order to fully comprehend the process. In the area of Argentinian Jewry it brings a new approach to the study of Zionism and the relations of the community with Israel, pointing out the importance of family as a basis for mutual interactions. Klors work clarifies the centrality of marginal groups in the case of Jewish immigration to Israel, and demystifies the idea that Aliya from Argentina was solely ideological. In the area of Israeli studies the book takes a critical view of the catastrophic concept as a cause for Jewish immigration to Israel, analyzing the gap between the decision-makers in Israel and in Argentina and the real circumstances of the individual immigrants. It also contributes to migration studies, showing how an atypical case, such as the Argentine Jewish immigrants to Israel, is shaped by similar patterns that characterize classical mass migrations, such as the impact of chain migrations and the immigration of marginal groups.

This books importance-its contribution to the historical investigation of the immigration phenomenon in general, and specifically immigration to the State of Israel-lies in uncovering and examining individual viewpoints alongside the official, bureaucratic immigration narrative.Scholars in various fields and disciplines, including history, Latin American studies, and migration studies, will find the methodology utilized in this monograph original and illuminating.

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2017 by Wayne State University Press Detroit Michigan 48201 All rights - photo 1

ISBN 978-0-8143-4367-8 (hardback); ISBN 978-0-8143-4368-5 (ebook)

Library of Congress Cataloging Number: 2017942856

Wayne State University Press
Leonard N. Simons Building
4809 Woodward Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48201-1309

Visit us online at wsupress.wayne.edu

To Daniela, Mika, and Adam

CONTENTS

FIGURES

TABLES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book is the product of a scholarly, personal, and family odyssey that lasted a decade. The complex task of research and writing was not exclusively my professional occupation, but the stuff of my lifea life that began in a doubly different hemisphere (both southern and western), in Argentina, and now continues here in Israel (northern and eastern). Somewhere along the roadin the town of Pardes Hanna, to be precisemy daughter Mika, then five years old, asked me why I was spending so much time at the computer and what I was writing. I told her that I was telling the story of people who, like me, had at some point in their lives chosen to leave Argentina and move to Israel. Her curiosity was aroused. Abba, am I Argentinian? You can be if you wish, I said. I confess that to this day Mikas question resonates within me; evidently the answer is not so simple. I truly hope that one day she will find the answer (or at least part of one) in this book.

And now that my labors are done, it remains only to thank those individuals and institutions without whose help and support it would never have seen the light of day. First on the list is the University of Haifa, whose generous stipend to me during my doctoral studies in the Department of Israel Studies made my research possible. I am also grateful to Yad Tabenkin, the Kibbutz movements research, ideology, and documentation center, which gave me a grant from its Menahem Oren Fund. The employees of the Central Zionist Archives, the Israel State Archives, the Kibbutz Movement Archive in Ramat Efal, the YIVO archives in Buenos Aires, and the Mark Turkow archives of the Buenos Aires Jewish community generously made their materials available to me.

My path as a scholar was shaped by my doctoral advisors, Professors Gur Alroey and Dr. Leonardo Senkman. They held my hand from my first days in the academic world. There are no words to describe what I gained from their experience, lectures, advice, criticism, and support. With regard to Gur, I do not know where to begin; my gratitude and debt to him are inexpressible. We have been conducting a dialogue for more than ten years now, and it will certainly continue for many more. His vibrant mind and acuity are my model and inspiration as a scholar. His generosity and friendship exceed anything that might be expected. I will be eternally grateful to him.

I also have a huge debt to the Schusterman Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Texas, where I was a postdoctoral fellow in 201315, with support from the Israel Institute. Its programs brought me into contact with accomplished scholars and students whose intellectual curiosity is unbounded. Among them is my good friend and colleague, Professor Ami Pedahzur. I am profoundly grateful to him for supporting and encouraging me and finding the funds that allowed me to complete the manuscript. The Schusterman Center became my academic home in every sense. The intimate atmosphere that prevails there, in large measure thanks to the efforts of the senior program coordinator, Galit Pedahzur, and the scholarly energy invested in the Centers activity provided me with the ideal conditions to write the book. Many colleagues read the drafts and made important comments that certainly improved the finished product, including Professor Gary Freeman, Professor Robert Abzug, Professor Naomi Lindstrom, Professor Yoav Di-Capua, and Professor Gabi Sheffer.

I wish to thank the anonymous reviewers of Wayne State University Press for their helpful and constructive comments. I have no doubt that their observations upgraded the manuscript, and for that I am deeply grateful. I also want to express my gratitude to the editors with whom I worked at Wayne State University Press while preparing this book for publication. Special thanks to Kathryn Wildfong, the editor in chief; Kristin Harpster, the editorial, design, and production manager and the production editor of my book; senior designer Rachel Ross; and Dawn Hall, the copyeditor. It was an extraordinary experience for me to work with them and the rest of the team at Wayne State University Press.

I would like to thank Lenn Schramm for his close reading of my Hebrew text, useful comments and suggestions, and professional translation that makes it available to a wider audience.

In his monumental Literature or Life, the Spanish writer Jorge Semprn, who lived most of his life in France and wrote mainly in French, wrote that the land of his birth and mother tongue were not a matter of choice for him. A mans roots, as an idea, are even less his own. After he left Spain he no longer had a mother tongueor rather, he found himself with two, placing him in a rather delicate family situation. Having two mothers, or two homelands, is not conducive to a simple life. So too for me.

Finally, I pay special tribute to Hilla and our three children, Daniela, Mika, and Adam, who have been my full partners in writing and life. Thanks to them, I now have a home far away from home.

INTRODUCTION

The State of the Research

Israel is a classic country of immigration. Israeli society has and continues to be shaped by the waves of immigrants who streamed to its shores, both before and especially after independence. Until the early 1970s, immigrants constituted a majority of the countrys Jewish population. Even today, almost a third of its Jewish residents were born elsewhere. Despite the centrality of the migration process for Israeli society, it is astonishing to discover that historians have never carried out a systematic and focused study of the phenomenon.

In Israeli society, Jewish immigration to Israel continues to be referred to as aliya, ascent, and is viewed as an exceptional phenomenon without parallel in the history of nations. Jews ascend or make aliya* to Israel, but immigrate to every other destination in the world. By the same token, yerida or descent (emigration from Israel) is viewed as a negative phenomenon that undermines the exalted ideal; that is, as a social and national failure. The concept of aliya as bearing ethical significance and unlike every other migratory process took root in Zionist thought even before the establishment of the state.

This unique perception continued to be cultivated by Israeli society after independence. Today, too, the public discourse about immigration to Israel deals mainly with experiences, emotions, fears, and hopesbut especially with myths. The storm generated in early 2015 by the Facebook page Olim to Berlin is only the most recent evidence of this. Against the background of the high cost of living, young Israelis began circulating information about jobs in Berlin, German-language classes, and began attending meetings to explore the possibility of moving there. Israeli public opinion roundly castigated this initiative

This discourse must be understood against the background of the demographic, economic, security, and institutional changes in Israeli society since 1948. A country that practiced strict food rationing in its infancy is now the start-up nation, a world leader in the high-tech industry, and ranked nineteenth in the UN Human Development Index (HDI) for 2014.

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