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Scientific Programmer - Python Regular Expressions: A Little Guide

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Python + Regex?

Many of you do not find this combination easy, which partly happens because of the Pythons obfuscated regex documentation too! In this course, to make your life easy, we have used some real-world examples. The goals are: - Teach you how to use the Python regular expressions (re) module and relevant functions by running interactive examples.

Projects included:

  • Project 2: Parsing data from a HTML file with Python and REGEX
  • Project 3: PDF scraping in Python + REGEX
  • Project 4: Web scraping in Python + REGEX
  • Project 5: Amazon web crawling in Python + REGEX

This is a short course, should be pretty quick and easy to complete. However, it assumes that you have basic Python skills (see the other Python courses on this platform).

This book serves three simple goals:

  • Teach you how to use the Python regular expressions (re) module and relevant functions by running examples;
  • Educate you to deal with projects with real world data examples (e.g., pdf and web scraping, more coming soon!);
  • Challenge you with coding exercises and quizzes; and

This book should be pretty quick and easy to complete. However, it assumes that you have basic Python skills (see the other Python books on this platform).

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Python REGEX A Little Guide Scientific Programmer This book is for sale at - photo 1
Python REGEX
A Little Guide
Scientific Programmer

This book is for sale at http://leanpub.com/pythonregex

This version was published on 2018-09-09

This is a Leanpub book Leanpub empowers authors and publishers with - photo 2

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This is a Leanpub book. Leanpub empowers authors and publishers with the Lean Publishing process. Lean Publishing is the act of publishing an in-progress ebook using lightweight tools and many iterations to get reader feedback, pivot until you have the right book and build traction once you do.

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2018 Scientific Programmer
Python RegEx

Hello coders! Lets start our quest with regular expressions (RegEx). In Python, the module re provides full support for Perl-like regular expressions in Python. We need to remember that there are many characters in Python, which would have special meaning when they are used in regular expression. To avoid bugs while dealing with regular expressions, we use raw strings as r'expression'.

The re module in Python provides multiple methods to perform queries on an input string. Here are the most commonly used methods:

  • re.match()
  • re.search()
  • re.split()
  • re.sub()
  • re.findall()
  • re.compile()

We will look at these function and related flags with examples in the next section.

Python Regular Expression Patterns List

The following table lists the regular expression syntax that is available in Python. Note that any Regex can be concatenated to form new regular expressions; if X and Y are both regular expressions, then XY is also a regular expression.

PatternDescription
.Matches any single character except newline. Using m option allows it to match newline as well.
^Matches the start of the string, and in re.MULTILINE (see the next lesson on how to change to multiline) mode also matches immediately after each newline.
$Matches end of line. In re.MULTILINE mode also matches before a newline.
[.]Matches any single character in brackets.
[^.]Matches any single character not in brackets.
*Matches 0 or more occurrences of preceding expression.
+Matches 1 or more occurrence of preceding expression.
?Matches 0 or 1 occurrence of preceding expression.
{n}Matches exactly n number of occurrences of preceding expression.
{n,}Matches n or more occurrences of preceding expression.
{n, m}Matches at least n and at most m occurrences of preceding expression. For example, x{3,5} will match from 3 to 5'x' characters.
PatternDescription
x | yMatches either x or y.
\dMatches digits. Equivalent to [0-9].
\DMatches nondigits.
\wMatches word characters.
\WMatches nonword characters.
\zMatches end of string.
\GMatches point where last match finished.
\bMatches the empty string, but only at the beginning or end of a word. Boundary between word and non-word and /B is opposite of /b. Example r"\btwo\b" for searching two from 'one two three'.
\BMatches nonword boundaries.
\n, \tMatches newlines, carriage returns, tabs, etc.
\sMatches whitespace.
\SMatches nonwhitespace.
\AMatches beginning of string.
\ZMatches end of string. If a newline exists, it matches just before newline.
Groups and Lookarounds

More details later:

PatternDescription
(re)Groups regular expressions and remembers matched text.
(?: re)Groups regular expressions without remembering matched text. For example, the expression (?:x{6})* matches any multiple of six x characters.
(?#...)Comment.
(?= ...)Matches if ... matches next, but doesnt consume any of the string. This is called a lookahead assertion. For example, Scientific (?=Python) will match Scientific only if its followed by Python.
(?!...)Matches if ... doesnt match next. This is a negative lookahead assertion.
(?<=...)Matches if the current position in the string is preceded by a match for ... that ends at the current position.
Python regex match function

The match function attempts to match a re pattern to string with optional flags.

Here is the syntax for this function

1 re.match(pattern, string, flags=0)

Where,

  • pattern isthe regular expression to be matched,
  • stringis the string to be searched to match the pattern at the beginning of string and
  • flags, which you can specify different flags using bitwise OR (|).
Match Flags
ModifierDescription
re.IPerforms case-insensitive matching.
re.LInterprets words according to the current locale. This interpretation affects the alphabetic group (\w and \W), as well as word boundary behavior (\b and \B).
re.MMakes $ match the end of a line and makes ^ match the start of any line.
re.SMakes a period (dot) match any character, including a newline.
re.UInterprets letters according to the Unicode character set. This flag affects the behavior of \w, \W, \b, \B.
re.XIt ignores whitespace (except inside a set [] or when escaped by a backslash and treats unescaped # as a comment marker.
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