Mark Monmonier - Connections and Content: Reflections on Networks and the History of Cartography

Esri Press, 380 New York Street, Redlands, California 92373-8100

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Contents

Chapter 1 :

Chapter 2 :

Chapter 3 :

Chapter 4 :

Chapter 5 :

Chapter 6 :

Chapter 7 :

Appendix A :

Appendix B :

Preface

For me, the notion of maps as networks, or interconnected systems, is deeply personal. Although my earliest experiences with cartography began with crayons and rolls of shelf paper on which I created dozens of long, thin farmscorn here, the barn there, and wheat over yonderthe leap from neophyte mapmaker to researcher/raconteur grew out of a fascination with the maps in train schedules and the discarded copies of the Official Guide of the Railways that Dad brought home from his office downtown at the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. I was also intrigued by maps of Baltimores streetcar and bus networkbecause we didnt have a car until we moved out to Baltimore County, where Mom taught school, public transit was what we used for Sunday afternoon outings. While we lived in the city, I became curious about how the fire alarm boxes on street corners were connected by a single wire running from box to box, which I mapped within our neighborhood and beyond, using my two-wheeler to discover multiple circuits leading to local firehouses. Years later, I learned that pulling an alarm would cause a spring-wound mechanism to send out a unique series of coded interruptions that pinpointed the particular box. Some small cities in upstate New York still use this mechanism to back up the 911 system.

In high school, I discovered US Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps as a rich source of information on railroads, both extant and abandoned. In graduate school years later, I contemplated a masters thesis on railway abandonment but shelved the idea until I found time, several years after earning a PhD, to publish a short paper with the pompous title, Railroad Abandonment in Delmarva: The Effect of Orientation on the Probability of Link Severance in a Transport Network. My multipanel temporal map and related graphic model were early examples of whats now called a story map . And three decades ago, after I discovered that authoring books could be more fulfilling than writing journal articles, I drafted the first of several outlines for a book on maps and networks: a project that sat on the back burner until a couple of years ago, when the seven-chapter structure for Connections and Content came into focus. Im glad I waited.

What made this latest plan compelling was a string of one-word chapter titles that relate technologies for observing and measuring the landscape to key principles for making or using maps. Chapter 1, which looks at how the scales of maps based on triangulation networks depend on precisely measured baselines , precedes the chapter on geometry , which examines mathematical connections between gravity, heavenly bodies, optical instruments, telegraph lines, and three-dimensional figures called ellipsoids , which outperform the sphere in describing our planets shape. Chapters 3 and 4, largely focusing on rivers, canals, and railways, explore the trove of map symbols and the modes of map analysis whereby past and current transportation infrastructure was conceived, located, built, and advertised to the public. Chapter 5 examines the role of telecommunications in not only birthing and nurturing weather science but also shaping the institutional networks of operational forecasting. Topology , a mathematical genre dedicated to adjacency rather than distance, is a fitting title for chapter 6, which looks at cartographic databases designed to promote the collection and analysis of census data, the interactive display of terrain data, and the calculation of optimum routes for satnavs (in-vehicle satellite navigation systems). The final chapter, on control , explores the role of maps in describing the internet, enabling driverless cars and drones, preventing railway accidents, and designing congressional districts that let a minority of voters dictate results. Whoever promised that modern mapping is inherently benign?