OUR MOTHERS LAND
Gender Studies in Wales
Astudiaethau Rhywedd yng Nghymru
Series Editors
Jane Aaron, University of Glamorgan
Breched Piette, Bangor University
Sian Rhiannon Williams, University of Wales Institute Cardiff
Series Advisory Board
Deirdre Beddoe, Emeritus Professor
Mihangel Morgan, Aberystwyth University
Teresa Rees, Cardiff University
The aim of this series is to fill a current gap in knowledge. As a number of historians, sociologists and literary critics have for some time been pointing out, there is a dearth of published research on the characteristics and effects of gender difference in Wales, both as it affected lives in the past and as it continues to shape present-day experience. Socially constructed concepts of masculine and feminine difference influence every aspect of individuals lives; experiences in employment, in education, in culture and politics, as well as in personal relationships, are all shaped by them. Ethnic identities are also gendered; a countrys history affects its concepts of gender difference so that what is seen as appropriately masculine or feminine varies within different cultures. What is needed in the Welsh context is more detailed research on the ways in which gender difference has operated and continues to operate within Welsh societies. Accordingly, this interdisciplinary and bilingual series of volumes on Gender Studies in Wales, authored by academics who are leaders in their particular fields of study, is designed to explore the diverse aspects of male and female identities in Wales, past and present. The series is bilingual, in the sense that some of its intended volumes will be in Welsh and some in English.
The Contributors, 1991
First published, 1991
New edition with updated introduction, 2011
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Our Mothers land : chapters in Welsh womens
history 18301939.
I. John, Angela V.
305.4209429
ISBN 978-0-7083-2340-3
e-ISBN 978-1-78316-287-1
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Applications for the copyright owners written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to The University of Wales Press, 10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place, Cardiff, CF10 4UP.
The right of the Contributors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Cover image: Three women next to an archery target c.1910, by D. C. Harries. Reproduced by permission of The National Library of Wales
In memory of the Welsh writer
Menna Gallie
19191990
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the following for permission to use their work/records: the Masters and Fellows of Girton College, Cambridge, the archivists at Cyfarthfa Castle Museum, Glamorgan Record Office, Powys Record Office, the Imperial War Museum, Viscount Wimborne, Philip N. Jones, Hywel Francis, Ann Williams, Ryland Wallace, Thalia Campbell, Diana Atkinson and the editors of the journal Llafur (where an earlier Welsh version of Sian Rhiannon Williamss article originally appeared). Thanks also go to members of Llafur (The Welsh Peoples History Society) for their support via a day school. We are especially grateful to Susan Jenkins and Ceinwen Jones at the University of Wales Press. For this new edition we are indebted to Sarah Lewis and the team at the Press and the editors of the Gender Studies in Wales series. The editor would like to thank the reader for constructive comments and all the contributors for being so co-operative and committed.
Photographs appear by kind permission of the following: in chapters 1, 3, 6, 7 the National Library of Wales, in chapter 2 the late John Owen, in chapter 4 Aberystwyth University, in chapter 5 the National Museum of Wales, in chapter 8 the Imperial War Museum.
Contents
Rosemary A. N. Jones
Angela V. John
Sian Rhiannon Williams
Russell Davies
Dot Jones
Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan
Kay Cook and Neil Evans
Deirdre Beddoe
Illustrations
Abbreviations
BWTA | British Womens Temperance Association |
CCWE | Central Committee for Womens Employment |
CDWSS | Cardiff and District Womens Suffrage Society |
GAS | Glamorgan Archive Service |
ILP | Independent Labour Party |
NVA | National Vigilance Association |
NUWSS | National Union of Womens Suffrage Societies |
UDMD | Undeb Dirwestol Merched y De (South Wales Womens Temperance Union) |
UDMGC | Undeb Dirwestol Merched Gogledd Cymru (North Wales Womens Temperance Union) |
WAAC | Womens Auxiliary Air Force |
WFL | Womens Freedom League |
WRAF | Womens Royal Air Force |
WRNS | Womens Royal Naval Service |
WSPU | Womens Social and Political Union |
Contributors
D EIRDRE B EDDOE is Emeritus Professor of Womens History at the University of Glamorgan, Pontypridd and the President of Archif Menywod Cymru / Womens Archive of Wales. She is the author of Out of the Shadows: A History of Women in Twentieth-Century Wales (Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2000) and works widely in television and radio.
K AY C OOK (now B ROWNING ) is a native of Barry. She completed a degree in History and Sociology at the University of Warwick in 1991. She has recently retired after working for sixteen years with the Development Board for Rural Wales which merged with the Welsh Development Agency in 1998 and then became part of the Welsh Assembly Government.
R USSELL D AVIES is Marketing Manager at Aberystwyth University. He is the author of the highly successful Secret Sins: Sex, Violence and Society in Carmarthenshire 18701920 (Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 1995) and Hope and Heartbreak: A Social History of Wales and the Welsh, 17761870 (Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2005). Both books were turned into television series on S4C.
N EIL E VANS is an Honorary Research Fellow in the School of History and Welsh History at Cardiff University and at the Welsh Institute of Social and Cultural Affairs at Bangor University. He has been joint editor of Llafur since 1994 and has edited (with Charlotte Williams and Paul OLeary) A Tolerant Nation? Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Wales (Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2003) and (with Eberhard Bort) Networking Europe: Essays on Regionalism and Social Democracy (Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2000).
A NGELA V. J OHN comes from Port Talbot and now lives in Pembrokeshire. She is an Honorary Professor of History at Aberystwyth University, held a Chair in History at the University of Greenwich, London for many years and is a vice-president of Llafur. Having published extensively on womens and gender history, she now concentrates on biographical history (see www.angelavjohn.com). She co-authored (with Revel Guest) a biography of Lady Charlotte Guest, paperbacked by Tempus / The History Press in 2007. Her most recent biography is