Botanical Medicines
The Desk Reference
for Major Herbal Supplements
Second Edition
Dennis J. McKenna, PhD
Kenneth Jones
Kerry Hughes, MSc
with Sheila Humphrey, IBCLC
First published by
The Haworth Press, Inc.
10 Alice Street
Binghamton, N Y 13904-1580
This edition published 2011 by Routledge
Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 | Routledge Taylor & Francis Group 2 Park Square, Milton Park Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN |
2002 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
The information contained in this publication is intended to supplement the knowledge of health care professionals regarding the use of herbal medicine. The information is educational only and is not intended to replace sound clinical judgment or individualized patient care. The authors disclaim all warranties, whether expressed or implied, including any warranty as to the quality, accuracy, safety, or suitability of this information for any particular purpose. The information in this book is also not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment by a professional health care provider. While information is given regarding herbal medicine usages and outcomes, the book is intended for educational purposes only. The authors, editor, and publisher do not accept liability in the event of negative consequences incurred as a result of information presented in this book.
Second edition of Natural Dietary Supplements: A Desktop Reference (Institute for Natural Products Research, 1998).
The herbal illustrations appearing on the cover and in the book are by Tristan Berlund and are used with her permission.
Cover design by Marylouise E. Doyle.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
McKenna, Dennis, J.
Botanical medicines : the desk reference for major herbal supplements / Dennis J. McKenna,
Kenneth Jones, Kerry Hughes. 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7890-1265-0 (alk. paper) ISBN 0-7890-1266-9 (alk. paper)
1. Dietary supplementsHandbooks, manuals, etc. 2. HerbsHandbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Jones, Kenneth. II. Hughes, Kerry. III. Title.
RM258.5 .M38 2002
615.32dc21
2001039101
CONTENTS
Ginseng
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Dennis McKenna, PhD, has worked in the interdisciplinary fields of pharmacognosy, ethnopharmacology, and ethnobotany for over twenty years. Dr. McKenna received post-doctoral research fellowships in the Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and in the Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine. In 1990, he joined Shaman Pharmaceuticals as Director of Ethnopharmacology and later worked as Senior Research Pharmacognosist for the Aveda Corporation. He is currently a Senior Lecturer at the Center for Spirituality and Healing in the Academic Health Center at the University of Minnesota. Dr. McKenna serves on the Advisory Board of the American Botanical Council and on the Editorial Board of Phytomedicine, The International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology.
Kenneth Jones is a medical writer specializing in food and medicinal plants. His work has appeared in both lay and professional publications, including The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Alternative and Complementary Therapies, and others. He is the author of various books on specific medicinal plants: Cordyceps: Tonic Food of Ancient China; Reishi: Ancient Herb for Modern Times; Cat's Claw: Healing Vine of Peru; Shiitake: The Healing Mushroom; and Pau d'arco. As President of Armana Research, Inc., he has provided product development consulting services as well as written and research materials to botanical supplement companies in North America and abroad since 1986. He also serves as Educational Director and Assistant Editor for the Institute of Natural Products Research, a nonprofit organization in the United States.
Kerry Hughes, MSc, is an ethnobotanist specializing in product development, plant commercialization, and medical writing for the natural products industry. She founded EthnoPharm Consulting as a platform to bring new plants and plant uses to market, and to help widen our medicinal knowledge of plants in health care. Kerry has worked with natural product companies throughout the United States and in South America, Europe, and Asia on the development of plant products for the functional food, dietary supplement, specialty food, and cosmetic markets. She writes and speaks frequently on the subject of botanicals, their use in medicine and science, and the development of botanical products from indigenous cultures. Kerry currently serves as the Director of EthnoPharm Consulting, and is a Contributing and FieldEditor for Prepared Foods and Nutrasolutions magazines. She continues to serve as Assistant Editor to the Institute for Natural Products Research (INPR), and is the Product Development Advisor for Rockland Food Ingredients (RFI). She serves on the Journal Advisory Board for Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research, and is a Scientific Advisor for Supplement Watch.com.
Sheila Humphrey received a BSc from the University of British Columbia, Canada, in 1996, majoring in Botany. After graduate work in plant ecology, she switched to professional nursing, receiving her RN in 1984. She has been a certified La Leche League Leader since 1990, counseling breastfeeding mothers seeking information and support. In 1996, she qualified as an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC). She has continued her work with La Leche League as an information resource for complex breastfeeding situations, particularly questions involving medications including herbs. Over the last five years, she has made an intensive evaluation of both the lactation and botanical literature, focusing on safety and efficacy issues of herb use during pregnancy and lactation. She has presented continuing education lectures on herbs and breastfeeding for health care professionals including a co-presentation with Dennis McKenna at the La Leche League International Conference in 2001. She has lectured at the University of Minnesota on the ethnopharmacology of herbs traditionally used for reproductive health. She continues to act as an information resource on herbs for La Leche League International, as well as lactation professionals in the United States and abroad. She is currently writing a book for mothers on the use of herbs and other dietary supplements during lactation.
Foreword
Despite the wide use of coffee, cocaine, heroin, and tobacco for their physiologic effects, the medicinal properties of plant-derived substances have until recently been overlooked by American health professionals. Of the best-selling 150 prescription drugs, 86 contain at least one major active compound from natural sources. In addition to aspirin, digoxin, and antibiotics, plant-derived medications include numerous anticholinergic agents, anticoagulants, antihypertensives, and antineoplastic agents. Surprisingly, of the top 150 pharmaceuticals, only 35 plant species are represented.