CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER
BASIC MARK MAKING
POSITIONS AND GRIPS
SKETCHING
MEASURING AND FRAMING
MECHANICAL DEVICES
MATERIALS AND MEDIUMS 1: pencils, graphite and charcoal, scraperboard, pen and ink
MATERIALS AND MEDIUMS 2: felt tips and markers, erasers and sharpeners
PRACTICE EXERCISES IN BASIC DRAWING
SHADING AND TONAL EXERCISES
MORE SHADING
THE ILLUSION OF THREE DIMENSIONS
ELLIPSES AND CYLINDERS
BASIC DRAWING OF SINGLE OBJECTS
SINGLE OBJECTS BY ESTABLISHED ARTISTS
GEOMETRY OF COMPOSITION
FORMAL AND INFORMAL
CHAPTER
DRAWING OBJECTS AND STILL LIFE
SIMPLE OBJECTS
LESS SIMPLE OBJECTS
WORKING UP THE SIMPLE OBJECT
NEGATIVE SPACE
DRAWING GROWTH AND STRUCTURE: PLANTS
DRAWING GROWTH AND STRUCTURE: TREES
HANDS-ON APPROACH
KEEPING UP WITH THE JONESES
CHAPTER
MATERIALITY, LIGHTING AND PERSPECTIVE
MATERIALITY 1: leather, glass, metal, basketwork
MATERIALITY 2: pottery, textiles, paper
NATURAL MATERIALITY: vegetables, flowers, hair
ROCKS AND TREES
WATER AND AIR
LIGHTING EFFECTS
LIGHTING THE HEAD
PERSPECTIVE
THE CONE OF VISION
ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
TWO-POINT PERSPECTIVE
THE BIRTH OF PERSPECTIVE IN PAINTING
OBJECTS IN PERSPECTIVE
FORESHORTENING THE BODY
CHAPTER
THE NATURAL WORLD
STONES, ROCKS AND BOULDERS
MOUNTAINS
SHELLS, CONES AND NUTS
VEGETATION
VEGETATION EXPANDED
TREES IN THE LANDSCAPE 1: applying shape, formality and decoration
TREES IN THE LANDSCAPE 2: tonal impressions, pattern realizing form
LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION 1: framing
LANDSCAPE COMPOSITION 2: nature as drama
FINDING A VIEWPOINT
DIVIDING UP YOUR VIEW
SMALL FORMS
LARGER CREATURES
CHAPTER
LIFE DRAWING THE HUMAN FIGURE
BASIC PROPORTIONS
THE SKELETON
MUSCLE STRUCTURE
THE HEAD IN PROPORTION
THE SKULL AND ITS MUSCLES
MALE AND FEMALE FEATURES
LEONARDO DA VINCIS HUMAN PROPORTION
EXAMPLES OF FIGURES
EXAMPLES OF FIGURES IN PROPORTION
DRAWING FOR EFFECT
DESCRIBING FORM
OTHER FORMS
FORM IN MOVEMENT
ANALYSING BALANCE AND POSE
ANALYSING BALANCE AND POSE
BODY DETAILS TORSO
BODY DETAILS HANDS AND FEET
THE BODY IN PERSPECTIVE
MASTER DRAWINGS OF THE RECLINING NUDE
CLOTHING ON FIGURES: ancient world, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
CLOTHING AS DECORATION: the Far East, more decoration
CLOTHING MADE TO MEASURE: the tailors art
MODERN DRESS
FACES AND THE HEAD
HEADS, ARMS AND LEGS FROM UNUSUAL VIEWPOINTS
FACES AND EXPRESSIONS 1: the smile, surprise, anger, fear, laughter, satisfaction
FACES AND EXPRESSIONS 2: delight, desire, suspicion, dislike, haughtiness, come hither, indignation
CHAPTER
GEOMETRY IN COMPOSITION
GEOMETRIC BEGINNINGS
DIVIDING THE PICTURE
DIVIDING THE SURFACE AREA
MANETS METHOD
GEOMETRY TO FLATTER
THREES A CROWD
OUTDOOR COMPOSITION
CREATING DEPTH
CHAPTER
SETTING UP A LANDSCAPE
LANDSCAPE VARIETY
LOCATING THE SCENE
LOOKING AROUND THE SCENE
BLOCKING IN THE SCENE
LANDSCAPE CHOICE
LANDSCAPE PROJECT
CHAPTER
SETTING UP A STILL LIFE
SOME STILL-LIFE APPROACHES
SEEING THE STRUCTURE OF STILL-LIFE OBJECTS
HISTORICAL COMPOSITIONS: TABLETOPS
HISTORICAL COMPOSITIONS: DECORATIVE STILL LIFE
HISTORICAL COMPOSITIONS: ENDURINGLY EFFECTIVE
STILL-LIFE PROJECT
CHAPTER
SETTING UP A PORTRAIT
PUTTING THE SUBJECT IN THE FRAME
MAPPING OUT THE PORTRAIT
AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD
DETAILS OF THE FEATURES 1: eyes, mouths, ears
DETAILS OF THE FEATURES 2: noses, hairlines
PORTRAIT PROJECT
CHAPTER
SETTING UP A FIGURE DRAWING
APPROACHES TO COMPOSITION
BLOCKING IN THE MAIN FORM
DRAWING MOVEMENT: catching the fleeting gesture
SHORT CUTS TO BODY LANGUAGE
ACTUAL BODY LANGUAGE 1: swagger, doubt, confidence, despair
ACTUAL BODY LANGUAGE 2: assuredness, embarrassment, disdain, anger or defiance
A GREAT ARTISTS INSPIRATION
FIGURE COMPOSITION PROJECT
CHAPTER
LEARNING FROM THE PAST
ANTIQUE ART
MEDIEVAL ART
EARLY RENAISSANCE VIEWS OF HUMANITY
THE CREAM OF THE RENAISSANCE
LATE RENAISSANCE DEVELOPMENT
THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY
NINETEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE
GERMAN COLLECTIONS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
MODERN EXPERIMENTS
WINSLOW HOMER AND THE NEW WORLD
WINSLOW HOMER AND THE NEW WORLD
THE NEW WORLD IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
ABSTRACTION
ABSTRACTION
CHAPTER
STYLES AND INFLUENCES
OLD MASTER PORTRAITS
NEW MASTER PORTRAITS
STILL LIFE IN BRUSH
STILL LIFE IN PENCIL
LANDSCAPE
SIMPLE FORM AND TONE
MOVEMENT IN LOOSE LINES
SEEING BEYOND THE MUNDANE
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
Starting to draw is an interesting and sometimes a daunting business. I want to be able to help you find ways of gradually improving your skill and thereby increase your enthusiasm, because this is perfectly possible, no matter how little formal teaching you may have had. One of the great advantages of coming to drawing relatively unpractised is the freshness with which you can approach the subject. So even if you are a complete novice, this book should help you to get some drawing practice under your belt.
The principal skill in drawing that you need to achieve is the co-ordination of the eye and the hand. It is not as difficult as it sounds, because we all learn to do this naturally, by having to pick things up, catch a ball, write a list and the many other day-to-day tasks that human beings are expected to do. The eye can see very much more than we generally give it credit for and our mind analyzes the information quite readily and with remarkable accuracy. It is also amazing how precisely our hands can move in the right direction, with just the right amount of pressure and degree of judgement, when required.