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Matthew Parker - The Sugar Barons: Family, Corruption, Empire, and War in the West Indies

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To those who travel there today, the West Indies are unspoiled paradise islands. Yet that image conceals a turbulent and shocking history. For some 200 years after 1650, the West Indies were the strategic center of the western world, witnessing one of the greatest power struggles of the age as Europeans made and lost immense fortunes growing and trading in sugar-a commodity so lucrative it became known as white gold. As Matthew Parker vividly chronicles in his sweeping history, the sugar revolution made the English, in particular, a nation of voracious consumers-so much so that the wealth of her island colonies became the foundation and focus of Englands commercial and imperial greatness, underpinning the British economy and ultimately fueling the Industrial Revolution. Yet with the incredible wealth came untold misery: the horror endured by slaves, on whose backs the sugar empire was brutally built; the rampant disease that claimed the lives of one-third of all whites within three years of arrival in the Caribbean; the cruelty, corruption, and decadence of the plantation culture.While sugar came to dictate imperial policy, for those on the ground the British West Indian empire presented a disturbing moral universe. Parker brilliantly interweaves the human stories of those since lost to history whose fortunes and fame rose and fell with sugar. Their industry drove the development of the North American mainland states, and with it a slave culture, as the plantation model was exported to the warm, southern states. Broad in scope, rich in detail, The Sugar Barons freshly links the histories of Europe, the West Indies, and North America and reveals the full impact of the sugar revolution, the resonance of which is still felt today.

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The Battle of Britain

Monte Cassino

Panama Fever

THE SUGAR BARONS

Family, Corruption, Empire, and War
in the West Indies

MATTHEW PARKER

The Sugar Barons Family Corruption Empire and War in the West Indies - image 1

Copyright 2011 by Matthew Parker

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. For information address Walker & Company, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

Published by Walker Publishing Company, Inc., New York
A Division of Bloomsbury Publishing

Excerpt from Tales of the Islands from SELECTED POEMS by Derek Walcott.

Copyright 1964 by Derek Walcott. Reprinted with permission of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC.

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA HAS BEEN APPLIED FOR .

ISBN: 978-0-8027-1744-3 (hardcover)

First Published in Great Britain by Hutchinson in 2011

First published in the U.S. by Walker Publishing Company in 2011
This e-book edition published in 2011

E-book ISBN: 978-0-8027-7799-7

Visit Walker & Companys Web site at www.walkerbooks.com

For my brilliant sister Caroline, with whom I shared many
West Indian adventures

CONTENTS

The Sugar Barons Family Corruption Empire and War in the West Indies - photo 2

The Sugar Barons Family Corruption Empire and War in the West Indies - photo 3

1509 Spanish settle - photo 4

1509 Spanish settle Jamaica Spanish Town established 1523 1600 - photo 5

1509 Spanish settle Jamaica Spanish Town established 1523 1600 Dutch - photo 6

1509 Spanish settle Jamaica Spanish Town established 1523 1600 Dutch - photo 7

1509

Spanish settle Jamaica (Spanish Town established 1523)

1600

Dutch land on St Eustatius

1605

First English attempt to settle in Caribbean at St Lucia, fails because of hostility of Caribs

1607

Lasting English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, established

161848

Thirty Years War: England, France and Holland v. Spain

1620

Establishment of Plymouth Colony

16234

English settle St Kitts; Dutch attack Bahia in Brazil

1627

English settlers, including James Drax, arrive on Barbados

1628

English and Irish settlers from St Kitts colonise Nevis

1629

English settlement founded on Providence Island

163040

Dutch seize Curaao, Saba, St Martin

1632

English and Irish from St Kitts and Nevis colonise Antigua and Montserrat

163545

Dutch control northern Brazil

c. 1635

French settle Martinique and Guadeloupe

1639

Attempted English settlement in Trinidad destroyed by Caribs

1641

Spanish drive English settlers off Providence Island

16426

English Civil War

1647

Richard Ligon and Thomas Modyford arrive in Barbados

1650

Willoughby establishes English colony in Surinam

1651

Parliamentary force captures Barbados; First Navigation Act directed against the Dutch

1652

Hurricanes

16524

First Dutch War

1654

Dutch and Jews expelled from Brazil

1655

English take Jamaica from Spain

1657

James Drax knighted by Cromwell

1659

Major fire in Bridgetown, destroys more than 200 houses

1660

Restoration of Charles II

1663

Modyford to Jamaica; Barbados grants 4 per cent duty to the King

16657

Second Dutch War

1665

April: Dutch admiral de Ruyter attacks Barbados

1666

French declare war on England, capture St Kitts, plunder Antigua

1667

Hurricane in Barbados; French capture Montserrat; Treaty of Breda grants Surinam to Dutch in return for New York; French conquests returned

1668

Another major fire in Bridgetown; 800+ houses destroyed

1670

Hurricane in Jamaica; Treaty of Madrid: Spain recognises English possession of Jamaica

1671

Quaker George Fox visits Barbados

16724

Third Dutch War

1673

Hurricane, fire and slave rebellion in Barbados

1675

Henry Morgan knighted

1685

Monmouth Rebellion in England against James II. Defeated rebels shipped to the West Indies

1688

Glorious Revolution in England

168897

Nine Years War (also known as King Williams War, War of the Grand Alliance, First French and Indian War): England and Spain v. France, ends with Treaty of Ryswick: Spain cedes western region of Hispaniola to France

1689

August: English on St Kitts surrender to French

1690

July: English under Christoper Codrington recapture St Kitts

1691

April: Christoper Codrington leads unsuccessful English invasion of Guadeloupe

1692

June: Port Royal earthquake

1693

April: Christoper Codrington leads unsuccessful English invasion of Martinique

1694

French invasion of Jamaica

170213

War of Spanish Succession (Queen Annes War). England and Holland v. France and Spain.

1702

July: French in St Kitts capitulate to forces of Christopher Codrington the Younger

1703

May: attempt on Guadeloupe led by Christopher Codrington the Younger abandoned

1706

February and March: French ravage St Kitts and Nevis

1710

December: murder of Governor Daniel Parke in Antigua

1712

July: French lay waste to Montserrat

1713

Treaty of Utrecht. Britain gains French sector of St Kitts, and wins asiento

1722

August: hurricane in Jamaica

1730s

Maroon wars in Jamaica

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