Greg Olson - The Ioway in Missouri
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Although their ancestors came from the Great Lakes region and they now live in several midwestern states, the Ioway (Baxoje) people claim a rich history in Missouri dating back to the eighteenth century. Living alongside white settlers while retaining their traditional way of life, the tribe eventually had to make difficult choices in order to survivechoices that included unlikely alliances, resistance, and even violence.
This is the first book on the Ioway to appear in thirty years and the first to focus on their role in Missouris colonial and early statehood periods. Greg Olson tells how the Ioway were attracted to the rich land between the Mississippi and Missouri rivers as a place in which they could peacefully reside. But it was here that they ended up facing the greatest challenges to their survival as a people, with leaders like White Cloud and Great Walker rising to meet those demands.
Olson draws on interviews with contemporary tribal members to convey an understanding of Ioway beliefs, practices, and history, and he incorporates reports of Indian agents and speeches of past Ioway leaders to illuminate the changes that took place in the tribes traditional ways of life. He tells of their oral traditions and creation stories, their farming and hunting practices, and their alliances with neighboring Indians, incoming settlers, and the U.S. government. In describing these alliances, he shows that the Ioway did not always agree among themselves on the direction they should take as they navigated the crosscurrents of a changing world, and that the attempts of some Ioway leaders to adapt to white society did not prevent the tribes descent into poverty and despair or their ultimate removal from their lands.
As modern Ioway in Kansas and Oklahoma work to recover the history of their peopleand as local historians recognize their important place in Missouri historyOlsons book offers a balanced account of the profound effects on the Ioway of other tribes, explorers, and settlers who began to move into their homelands after the Louisiana Purchase. Written for a general audience, it is a useful, accessible introduction to the changing fortunes of the Ioway people in the era of exploration, colonialism, and early statehood.
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Project Sponsor
Western Historical Manuscript Collection,
University of MissouriColumbia
Special Thanks
Missouri State Archives
Missouri Heritage Readers
General Editor, Rebecca B. Schroeder
Each Missouri Heritage Reader explores a particular aspect of the states rich cultural heritage. Focusing on people, places, historical events, and the details of daily life, these books illustrate the ways in which people from all parts of the world contributed to the development of the state and the region. The books incorporate documentary and oral history, folklore, and informal literature in a way that makes these resources accessible to all Missourians.
Intended primarily for adult new readers, these books will also be invaluable to readers of all ages interested in the cultural and social history of Missouri.
Other Books in the Series
Arrow Rock: The Story of a Missouri Village, by Authorene Wilson Phillips
Blind Boone: Missouris Ragtime Pioneer, by Jack A. Batterson
Called to Courage: Four Women in Missouri History, by Margot Ford McMillen and Heather Roberson
Catfish, Fiddles, Mules, and More: Missouris State Symbols, by John C. Fisher
Five Stars: Missouris Most Famous Generals, by James F. Muench
Food in Missouri: A Cultural Stew, by Madeline Matson
George Caleb Bingham: Missouris Famed Painter and Forgotten Politician, by Paul C. Nagel
German Settlement in Missouri: New Land, Old Ways, by Robyn Burnett and Ken Luebbering
Hoecakes, Hambone, and All That Jazz: African American Traditions in Missouri, by Rose M. Nolen
Immigrant Women in the Settlement of Missouri, by Robyn Burnett and Ken Luebbering
The Indomitable Mary Easton Sibley: Pioneer of Womens Education in Missouri, by Kristie C. Wolferman
Into the Spotlight: Four Missouri Women, by Margot Ford McMillen and Heather Roberson
Jane Froman: Missouris First Lady of Song, by Ilene Stone
Jesse James and the Civil War in Missouri, by Robert L. Dyer
Jessie Benton Frmont: Missouris Trailblazer, by Ilene Stone and Suzanna M. Grenz
M. Jeff Thompson: Missouris Swamp Fox of the Confederacy, by Doris Land Mueller
Missouri at Sea: Warships with Show-Me State Names, by Richard E. Schroeder
Missouri Caves in History and Legend, by H. Dwight Weaver
On Shaky Ground: The New Madrid Earthquakes of 18111812, by Norma Hayes Bagnall
Orphan Trains to Missouri, by Michael D. Patrick and Evelyn Goodrich Trickel
The Osage in Missouri, by Kristie C. Wolferman
Paris, Tightwad, and Peculiar: Missouri Place Names, by Margot Ford McMillen
Quinine and Quarantine: Missouri Medicine through the Years, by Loren Humphrey
A Second Home: Missouris Early Schools, by Sue Thomas
The Trail of Tears across Missouri, by Joan Gilbert
Copyright 2008 by The Curators of the University of Missouri
University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri 65201
Printed and bound in the United States of America
All rights reserved
5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Olson, Greg, 1959
The Ioway in Missouri / Greg Olson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: Focusing on the Ioways role in Missouris colonial and early statehood periods, Olson describes Ioway creation stories and oral tradition; farming and hunting practices; relations with neighboring tribes, incoming white settlers, and the U.S. government; and challenges to their way of life and survival as a peopleProvided by publisher.
ISBN 978-0-8262-1824-7 (alk. paper)
1. Iowa IndiansMissouriHistory. 2. Iowa IndiansMissouriGovernment relations. 3. Indians, Treatment ofMissouri. 4. MissouriHistory. I. Title.
E99.I6O57 2008
977.80497'52dc22
2008025867
This paper meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984.
Designer: Jennifer Cropp
Typesetter: Foley Design
Printer and binder: Thompson-Shore, Inc.
Typefaces: Palatino and Adobe Garamond
ISBN-13: 978-0-8262-6661-3 (electronic)
For Chris and Tess
I am indebted to many people and organizations for help and support as I completed this manuscript. I owe Jimm GoodTracks a special note of thanks for opening many doors for me and for providing me with a glimpse of the rich culture and language of the Ioway-Otoe-Missouria people. Without his years of guidance, patience, and generosity, this manuscript would not exist.
I would also like to thank Suzette McCord-Rogers, curator of the Kansas State Historical Societys Native American Heritage Museum, for her helpful suggestions and for introducing me to a number of wonderful and knowledgeable members of the Ioway community. Lynn Alex of the Office of the State Archaeologist in Iowa City, Iowa, was extremely generous in directing me to resources that proved valuable in helping me understand the archaeological history of the Oneota and Ioway. Mike Dickey, site administrator at the Arrow Rock State Historic Site, in Arrow Rock, Missouri, pointed me toward important published resources on early Ioway history, while Alan Perry, formerly an archivist with the National Archives and Records AdministrationKansas City provided valuable research guidance during my visit to NARA. Thanks also to Bill Stolz at the University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript CollectionColumbia. I wrote this manuscript while I was enrolled inthe masters program in the Department of History at the University of MissouriColumbia. I would like to thank my advisers, Dr. Susan Flader and Dr. Jeffrey Pasley, for their guidance in this endeavor.
I am also indebted to Martha Royce Blaine for her outstanding scholarship on the Ioway people. Her book The Ioway Indians served as a guide throughout my research and was instrumental in directing me toward critical primary and secondary sources. I also found valuable resources on the Ioway Cultural Institute Web site created and maintained by Lance Foster.
I want to extend a special note of thanks to Becky Schroeder for convincing me to write this book and for the countless hours she devoted to helping me improve it.
And finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my wife, Christine Montgomery. Aside from her support at home, she readily offered her considerable skills as an editor and image researcher. This project is much better for her efforts. Thank you for your patience through the long process of researching and writing this book. Maybe now we can move the computer out of the living room.
Out of respect for the Ioway tradition, I humbly ask readers to forgive any misinterpretations or misrepresentation of the Ioway people and their culture that my words may suggest.
The State Historical Society of Missouri Richard Brownlee Fund generously underwrote a portion of the research necessary to complete this manuscript. Some sections of the book have previously appeared in the Missouri Historical Review.
Readers will notice that I have avoided using the word chief in this book. The title does not accurately reflect the role of tribal leaders in traditional Ioway society. Chief often refers to a single leader who has sole authority over an entire tribe. In the Ioway tribe several leaders traditionally shared responsibility for governing. It was Europeans and Americans who introduced the idea of recognizing just one individual as the head chief of the Ioway nation.
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