Copyright Leanne McCormick 2009
The right of Leanne McCormick to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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ISBN 978-0-7190-7664-0
First published 2009
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Acknowledgements
This book originated as a PhD thesis and I owe a debt of gratitude to all those who have given me support and friendship along the long road to publication.
My initial thanks must go to my PhD supervisor, Professor Greta Jones, who has been unfailingly supportive throughout the long process and has been a constant source of help and encouragement. Her advice and criticism have always been constructive and her generosity of time and knowledge has been much appreciated.
Through the course of this research a large number of archives and libraries were visited, and my thanks go especially to the staff of the University of Ulster Library at Jordanstown, the Presbyterian Historical Society, Church of Ireland House and the US National Archives, Maryland. The staff of the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) deserve a special mention as I tortured them for closed and obscure files. In particular I am indebted to Stephen Scarth and Graham Jackson who were unfailingly cheerful and generous with their help and expertise.
Particular thanks and acknowledgement are due to the Salvation Army in Belfast who permitted me access to their records and provided me with space and privacy to work, and to Mrs Lorna Goldstrom who generously gave me access to the Ulster Pregnancy Advisory Service archive. A number of ladies very kindly gave up their time to be interviewed for the book and my thanks go to them all for sharing their fascinating stories with me.
There are a number of people who have been very generous with their own research and who have advised at various stages of the process: in particular thanks go to Professor Roger Davidson, Dr Gayle Davis, Dr Paul Gray, Dr Louise Jackson, Professor Keith Jeffery, Professor Maria Luddy, Dr Sean OConnell and Father P. ODonnell.
I received financial assistance from a number of sources while completing both my PhD thesis and the book, including the TK Daniel Memorial Scholarship, UU Library Travel Fund, Academy of Irish Cultural Heritages, Economic History Society and Wellcome Trust, for which I am appreciative and grateful.
My thanks to the editors of Journal of the History of Sexuality and Social History of Medicine for permission to use some material which had previously appeared in journal form. I am also appreciative of the help and patience of the Manchester University Press staff in the publication process.
On a personal level there are many people who have been provided invaluable friendship and support throughout both the PhD and book process at different times and different places. I dont have space to adequately thank and mention everyone, but a big thank you to: Anna, Annalise, Amy, Carol, Colleen, Diana, Diane, Kathryn, Frances, Janet, Judith, Lynsey, Kerrie, Michelle, Ned, Sarah, Shirley, Stephen and Sue.
My family have been unfailingly supportive and generous. Philip, Debbie and Mark have always been interested and encouraging from around the globe, providing a welcome distraction with their visits. Sharon, Steve, Andy and Isa have always been extremely kind and generous with their hospitality and support.
My husband Andrew trod the publishing path before me and gave of his expertise and help unconditionally. For his love, support, constant encouragement and unflagging re-reading of drafts I am eternally grateful. Wee Andrew arrived in the middle of the writing process making my work more efficient and giving me greater perspective and laughter. Lastly thanks must go to my mum and dad, for their love, support and encouragement. They have proof-read, baby-sat, cooked, hoovered and been towers of strength; I would have been lost without them. I cannot adequately express my appreciation, and this book is dedicated to them.
Note on terminology
Any discussion of Ireland in the twentieth century encounters problems with language and political associations. As Northern Ireland was not established as a state until 1921, in this book the terms the North or Ulster are, as far as possible, used in discussion of the period preceding this. In the context of this book they refer to the six counties which were to make up Northern Ireland Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone rather than the nine which officially make up Ulster. For convenience of explanation, on occasion the term Northern Ireland is used in reference to the whole period under discussion.
The Republic of Ireland was known as the Irish Free State from 1922 until 1937 when it became ire and then a republic in 1948. The terms Southern Ireland or the South are often used in the book and at all times refer to the twenty-six counties of the Irish Republic.
In the case of Londonderry/Derry, it is noted that both terms refer to the same place both city and county. As far as possible contemporary usage is maintained. In other cases, Derry is used with reference to the city and Londonderry in reference to the county.