Joan P Mencher - Where Did All The Men Go?: Female-headed/female-supported Households In Cross-cultural Perspective

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Where Did All the Men Go?

WOMEN IN CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

Sue-Ellen Jacobs, Series Editor

This series presents ethnographic case studies that address theoretical, methodological, and practical issues in basic and applied fieldwork; it also includes cross-cultural studies based on secondary sources. Edited by Sue-Ellen Jacobs, the series aims to broaden our knowledge about the varieties and commonalities of womens experiences. One important focus of the series is on women in development and the effects of the development process on womens roles and status. By considering women in the full context of their cultures, this series offers new insights on sociocultural, political, and economic change cross-culturally.

In This Series

Where Did All the Men Go? Female-Headed/Female-Supported Households in Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by Joan P Mencher and Anne Okongwu

Balancing Acts: Women and the Process of Social Change, edited by Patricia Lyons Johnson

Sanctions and Sanctuary: Cultural Perspectives on the Beating of Wives, edited by Dorothy Ayers Counts, Judith K. Brown, and Jacquelyn C. Campbell

To all the women struggling to maintain female-headed households

First published 1993 by Westview Press

Published 2018 by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1993 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Where did all the men go?: female-headed/female-supported households

in cross-cultural perspective I edited by Joan P. Mencher and Anne

Okongwu.

p. cm.(Women in cross-cultural perspective)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-8133-8540-7

1. Women head of householdsCross-cultural studies. 2. Poor

womenross-cultural studies. I. Mencher, Joan P., 1930-

II. Okongwu, Anne. III. Series.

HVI444.W44 1993

305.4dc20

92-39725

CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-21347-3 (hbk)

Contents

, Joan P. Mencher and Anne Okongwu

, Rae Lesser Blumberg

, Anna Lou Dehavenon

, Deborah DAmico

, Eva Abraham

, Anne Okongwu

, Mary Garcia Castro

, Nana Apeadu

, Lucie Wood Saunders and Sohair Mehanna

Joan P. Mencher

, Mahmuda Islam

, Andrea Menefee Singh

, Anna Lou Dehavenon and Anne Okongwu

, Joan P. Mencher and Anne Okongwu

Guide

Although Female-Headed/Female-Supported households have been discussed a great deal by policy makers, they have only recently come to engage the attention of social scientists. The available literature is widely scattered, and focused on only one society. Very little is known about the diverse forms of these households or the diverse strategies they follow in order to survive.

The papers in this book are an outgrowth of two symposia, one held at the American Anthropological Association meeting in the fall of 1986 and a larger one held at the 12th International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) in Zagreb, Yugoslavia. We are especially grateful to our fellow social scientists from all over what was then Yugoslavia for making that conference a possibility. The day-long session on Female-Headed households was jointly sponsored by the Commission on Women and the International Womens Anthropology Caucus (IWAC).

The book has been long in reaching fruition.. Without the steady encouragement and hard work of editing provided by Franklin C. Southworth, it would have been impossible. His careful reading and useful comments on every article greatly improved the clarity of the book. His deep concern for the issues involved was reflected in the questions he posed and in his suggestions.

We would also like to thank Ruth Moore and Regina Caulfield for help with typing parts of the manuscript and collating it.

We hope that the work will prove useful not only to academics, but more importantly to policy planners in improving the quality of life for these women and their families.

Joan P. Mencher
Anne Francis Okongwu

Introduction

Joan P. Mencher and Anne Okongwu

This book examines female-headed/female-supported households in a wide variety of local contexts and links them to wider economic, social, and political processes. In the process of doing this, it focuses on the importance of culture and the ways in which culture interacts with race (and/or caste), class and gender in defining the experience of women who have the responsibility of supporting their households.

The idea for this book emerged from two symposia run by the editors, the first at a meeting of the American Anthropological Association in 1986, and the second at the International Congress of Anthropological Sciences in Zagreb in 1988. It grew out of the awareness of the importance of female-headed/female-supported households worldwide, their frequent correlation with poverty, and at the same time a sense that they differed significantly in different parts of the world. The papers should be viewed as a series of case studies from different regions of the world that highlight the ways in which female-headed/female-supported households function, their diverse strategies for survival, and the differences and similarities between these households and the more traditional male-headed/male-supported households. The articles highlight both the similarities and differences between these different types of households.

Throughout the world we find a wide variety of situations in which women provide the main source of economic support for their households and often, though not always, function as the head of the household. Such situations are found across cultural, national, class, racial and ethnic boundaries. Each of the essays here takes up a specific aspect of this general situation. Taken together they inform us of the wide range of cultural variability among female-supported households around the world.

The title of this book -- Where Did All the Men Go? -- derives from the analysis of the structural conditions facing female-headed households both in the United States and elsewhere. For the United States the role of the state, in formulating eligibility criteria for various types of essential subsidies, acts as part of the household survival strategies to separate men from their families. Thus the lack of adequate employment for semi-educated males forces them to take jobs in the secondary labor force which are insecure and from which they are often laid off. Such jobs provide little or no fringe benefits, and often mean that in order for their families to survive they cannot live together.

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