Hannah Barker - Gender in Eighteenth-Century England: Roles, Representations and Responsibilities

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Gender in Eighteenth-Century England

Gender in
Eighteenth-Century
England

Roles, Representations and Responsibilities

---

Edited by Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus

First published 1997 by Addison Wesley Longman Limited
Published 2014 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Addison Wesley Longman Limited 1997

All rights reserved; no part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.

ISBN 978-0-582-27826-4 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gender in eighteenth-century England: roles, representations, and responsibilities / edited by Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0582278260

1. Sex roleEnglandHistory18th century. 2. WomenEnglandHistory18th century. I. Barker, Hannah. II. Chalus, Elaine.
HQ1075.5.E5G46 1997

305.3094209033dc21

9649487 CIP

Contents

Hannah Barker and Elaine Chalus

Philip Carter

Kimberly Crouch

Hannah Barker

Susan Skedd

Richard Connors

Elaine Chalus

Amanda Foreman

Cindy McCreery

Stephen Howard

This book has benefited from the help of numerous individuals. We owe a particular debt to Philip Carter, Leonore Davidoff, Ann Hughes, Joanna Innes, Diana Leonard, Eve Setch and Roey Sweet for reading the introduction and providing astute criticism. Others who attended an informal colloquium where many of the essays were presented as papers, in particular Patricia Crawford, Faramerz Diabhowala, Janet Howarth, Kim Reynolds, Jane Shaw and Stephen Taylor, also gave valuable advice and asked many thought-provoking questions. Wolfson College, Oxford, was extremely generous in sponsoring the colloquium. Finally, we would like to thank both Paul Langford and John Stevenson for their help and encouragement.

The publishers are grateful to the Bodleian Library, Oxford, for permission to reproduce (shelfmark Per.2705e.674).

The place of publication of all works cited in the footnotes and Further reading section is London unless otherwise stated. For brevity, some frequently used sources have been abbreviated, as follows:

Locations

Bodl.	Bodleian Library, Oxford
BL	British Library
ERO	Essex County Record Office
HMC	Historical Manuscripts Commission
PRO	Public Record Office
SRRU	Shropshire Records and Research Unit
WSRO	West Sussex Record Office
Wwk RO	Warwick County Record Office
YCA	York City Archives

Manuscript sources

BP	Bray Papers, Exeter College, Oxford
CH MSS	Castle Howard manuscripts
Chats. MSS	Chatsworth manuscripts
GP	Granville Papers
PP	Portland Papers, University of Nottingham
SNRA	Scottish National Register of Archives
WP	Wrest Park (Lucas Papers)

Printed sources

EM	The European Magazine
GM	The Gentlemans Magazine
JOJ	Jacksons Oxford Journal
LC	The London Chronicle
LM	The London Magazine
MP	The Morning Post

Journals

AHR	American Historical Review
CC	Continuity and Change
EcHR	Economic History Review
ECS	Eighteenth-Century Studies
FS	Feminist Studies
GH	Gender and History
HJ	Historical Journal
HT	History Today
HWJ	History Workshop Journal
JAH	Journal of American History
JBS	Journal of British Studies
JFH	Journal of Family History
JSH	Journal of Social History
PP	Past and Present

Hannah Barker is Lecturer in History at Keele University.

Philip Carter is Junior Research Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford, and Research Editor for the new Dictionary of National Biography.

Elaine Chains is Junior Research Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford, and edits Past & Present.

Richard Connors is Assistant Professor at the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.

Kimberly Crouch lectures at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.

Amanda Foreman is a researcher at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.

Stephen Howard is a researcher at Lincoln College, Oxford.

Cindy McCreery is Junior Research Fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford, and the Senior Gaird Research Fellow at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.

Susan Skedd is a researcher at Merton College, Oxford, and Research Editor for the new Dictionary of National Biography.

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HANNAH BARKER AND ELAINE CHALUS

The Sexes have now little other apparent Distinction, beyond that of Person and Dress: Their peculiar and characteristic Manners are confounded and lost: The one Sex having advanced into Boldness, as the other have sunk into Effeminacy.1

(John Brown, 1757)

Women must be understood in terms of relationship with other women, and with men.2

(Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo, 1980)

For John Brown, Englands dismal performance at the beginning of the Seven Years War was the result of a deterioration in national character that he attributed, at least in part, to changes in manner and behaviour that blurred and diminished the differences between the sexes. Like other eighteenth-century moralists and conduct-book writers who attempted to coax, cajole or chastise their readers into complying with idealized notions of masculinity and femininity, he believed that clearly defined gender roles were central to the stability of English society, and by extension, to Englands status as a world power.

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