Jerry Apps - Horse-Drawn Days: A Century of Farming with Horses
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Horse-Drawn Days: A Century of Farming with Horses: summary, description and annotation
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Before tractors or steam engines arrived on the farm, horses did all the heavy work. From spring plowing to the fall harvest, the mighty draft horse powered farms across the Midwest. Relied upon to complete a multitude of tasks, including towing threshing machines and plows, hauling milk to the local cheese factory, and pulling the family buggy to church each Sunday, these animals were at the center of farm life, cementing the bond between human and horse.
Horse-Drawn Days: A Century of Farming with Horses captures stories of rural life at a time when a team of horses was a vital part of the farm family. Author Jerry Apps pairs lively historic narrative with reminiscences about his boyhood on the family farm in Wisconsin to paint a vivid picture of a bygone time. Featuring fascinating historic photos, ads, and posters, plus contemporary color photos of working horses today, Horse-Drawn Days evokes the majesty of these animals and illuminates the horses role in our countrys early history and our rural heritage.
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(PHOTO BY STEVE APPS)
Jerry Apps is professor emeritus at the University of WisconsinMadison and the author of several books on rural history and country life. Jerrys nonfiction books include Old Farm, Every Farm Tells a Story, Living a Country Year, When Chores Were Done, Humor from the Country, Country Ways and Country Days , and Ringlingville USA. His historical fiction includes In a Pickle and Blue Shadows Farm . He received the Council for Wisconsin Writers 2007 Major Achievement Award and the Wisconsin Library Associations 2007 Notable Wisconsin Author Award.
In 2010 Jerry received the Distinguished Service Award from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. In 2012, he was elected as a fellow of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts & Letters. He splits his time between his home in Madison and his farm, Roshara, in Wild Rose, Wisconsin. His website is www.jerryapps.com.
Jerry was born and raised on a small farm in Waushara County, Wisconsin, where he grew up farming with horses. As a small boy he learned from his father to treat horses as a part of the family, to care for them, respect them, and work with them as he would with any other family member.
With a trusty team and a high-wheeled wagon, a farmer shows off his load of hay on its way to the barn. For many Wisconsin farmers, haying season began in late June and continued into early August. (WHI IMAGE ID 53641)
Many people helped me with this book. I want to thank all who sent me stories about their memories of working with horses, some including photos. Allen Schroeder, site director for the Wisconsin Historical Societys Stonefield in Cassville, gave me easy access to the vast collection of horse-drawn farm machinery there. My son Steve provided many of the photographs for the book. The Wisconsin Historical Society Archives was an invaluable source of farm machinery photographs and other images.
As she does with all my books, my wife, Ruth, read several drafts of the manuscript. She has the uncanny ability to raise the question, What does this mean? when I think something is perfectly clear. And finally, I cant say enough about Kate Thompson, my editor at the Wisconsin Historical Society Press. She is a stickler for logic and detail and knows how to take my sometimes-obtuse organization of material and make it readable.
Many other people helped as well, and I thank each of them. Book writing, although seemingly a solitary activity, requires the assistance of many.
NOTABLE EVENTS IN AGRICULTURE
OLD WORLD WISCONSIN HISTORIC SITE / WISCONSIN HISTORICAL SOCIETY
1701 : Jethro Tull, England, invents the first practical grain drill. For centuries farmers have sown grain seeds by hand. It will be many more years before most farmers use grain drills.
1732 : Michael Menzie, Scotland, develops a simple, water-powered threshing machine. It is stationary, with farmers hauling their grain to the machine for threshing.
1797 : Charles Newbold, New Jersey, patents a cast-iron plow, but it meets resistance from farmers who believe the iron will poison the soil.
1812 : Peter Gaillard, Pennsylvania, invents a grass-cutting mower. For many years grass for hay has been cut with a sickle or a scythe. It will be many more years before farmers routinely use horse-powered mowers.
1814 : Jethro Wood, New York, patents a plow with movable parts. If one part breaks, it can be replaced without replacing the entire implement.
1822 : Jeremiah Bailey, Pennsylvania, patents an improved grass-cutting mower.
1825 : The Erie Canal opens from Buffalo to Albany, New York, allowing a market route from the Middle West to the East. It also provides a ready route for immigrant travel to the Great Lakes and then on to such states as Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
1831 : Cyrus McCormick, Virginia, develops and uses a reaper on his home farm. He will not patent the machine until 1834, causing a host of future problems.
1833 : John Lane, Illinois, invents a steel plow for heavy midwestern soils. The plow, made from a saw blade, develops a shiny surface and soil does not stick to it.
1833 : Obed Hussey, Maryland, is granted a patent for a reaper.
1834 : Cyrus McCormick receives a patent for a reaper, six months after Hussey, but claims his (McCormicks) patent should have preference because of his 1831 reaper history.
1837 : John Deere, Illinois, begins manufacturing steel plows, and they quickly become popular with midwestern farmers, allowing the company to grow rapidly.
1837 : Brothers Hiram and John Pitts, Maine, patent a threshing machine that threshes up to one hundred bushels a day, using a two-horse treadmill for power. It is portable and can be moved from farm to farm.
1839 : Percherons are the first draft horse breed imported to the United States from Europe.
18401850s : Railroads become popular and expand the American frontier.
1842 : J. I. Case, a New Yorker, moves to Rochester, Wisconsin, and begins manufacturing threshing machines. Moving to Racine in 1843, Case becomes the largest manufacturer of threshing machines in the world and the first to construct them of steel in 1904. He also becomes known as the first American to create a steam engine for agricultural use.
1847 : William F. Ketchum, Buffalo, New York, invents a hay mower designed specifically to cut hay. Earlier ones were combination reapers and mowers.
1847 : Cyrus McCormick moves his reaper manufacturing business to Chicago. His brothers, William S. and Leander J., are in business with him.
1850s : Kerosene lamps and lanterns become popular, replacing candles as light sources.
1851 : George Brown, Illinois, patents a horse-drawn corn planter.
(WHI IMAGE ID 11836)
1852 : H. L. Emery, New York, begins manufacturing stationary hay presses, forerunners of present-day hay balers.
1853 : Walter Abbott Wood, New York, invents a functional dump rake.
1856 : C. A. McPhitridge, Missouri, invents a device for tying wire around a grain bundle.
1858 : Charles W. and William W. Marsh of Dekalb, Illinois, patent the Marsh Harvester (reaper). They claim their harvester will cut an acre of grain in less than an hour.
1860s : Illinois and Wisconsin lead the nation in wheat production.
1860 : George and Daniel Van Brunt, Wisconsin, invent a combination grain drill and cultivator.
1862 : Morrill Land Grant College Act passes, establishing agricultural and mechanics colleges across the country.
1862 : Homestead Act passes, turning over 270 million acres of public domain land to private citizens. The law will remain in effect until it is repealed in 1976.
(WHI IMAGE ID 63084)
1862 : The United States Department of Agriculture is established but does not receive cabinet status until 1889.
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