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Sebastian B. Scholz - Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries: Leveraging Current Knowledge and Exploring Future Potential for Climate-Smart Agriculture

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Biochar is the carbon-rich organic matter that remains after heating biomass under minimization of oxygen during a process called pyrolysis. Its relevance to deforestation, agricultural resilience, and energy production, particularly in developing countries, makes it an important issue. This report offers a review of what is known about opportunities and risks of biochar systems. Its aim is to provide a state of the art overview of current knowledge regarding biochar science. In that sense the report also offers a reconciling view on different scientific opinions about biochar providing an overall account that shows the various perspectives of its science and application. This includes soil and agricultural impacts of biochar, climate change impacts, social impacts, and competing uses of biomass. The report aims to contextualize the current scientific knowledge in order to put it at use to address the development- climate change nexus, including social and environmental sustainability. The report is organized as follows: chapter one offers some introductory comments and notes the increasing interest in biochar both from a scientific as well as from a practitioners point of view; chapter two gives further background on biochar, describing its characteristics and outlining the way in which biochar systems function. Chapter three then considers the opportunities and risks of biochar systems, chapter four presents a typology of biochar systems emerging in practice, particularly in the developing world. New, International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 14040-based life-cycle assessments of the net climate change impact and the net economic profitability of three biochar systems with data collected from relatively advanced biochar projects were conducted for this report and are presented in chapter five, providing a novel understanding of the full life-cycle impacts of these known biochar systems. Chapter six investigates various aspects of technology adoption, including barriers to implementing promising systems, focusing on economics, carbon market access, and sociocultural barriers. Finally, the status of knowledge regarding biochar systems is interpreted in chapter seven to determine potential implications for future involvement in biochar research, policy, and project formulation.

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A WORLD BANK STUDY

Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries

Leveraging Current Knowledge and Exploring Future Potential for Climate-Smart Agriculture

Sebastian M. Scholz, Thomas Sembres, Kelli Roberts, Thea Whitman, Kelpie Wilson, and Johannes Lehmann

2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank - photo 1

2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433

Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org

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World Bank Studies are published to communicate the results of the Banks work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts.

This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

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This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:

AttributionPlease cite the work as follows: Scholz, Sebastian M., Thomas Sembres, Kelli Roberts, Thea Whitman, Kelpie Wilson, and Johannes Lehmann. Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries: Leveraging Current Knowledge and Exploring Future Potential for Climate-Smart Agriculture. World Bank Studies. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO

TranslationsIf you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.

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Third-party contentThe World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.

All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publishing and Knowledge Division, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: .

ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-9525-7

ISBN (electronic): 978-0-8213-9526-4

DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7

Cover collage: (Background) Three women plant seeds in a farm. World Bank/Maria Fleischmann. (Left inset) Three women using a biochar cookstove. Johannes Lehmann. (Right inset) Wheat crop. World Bank/Simone D. McCourtie. All photographs used with permission; further permission required for reuse.

Cover design: Debra Naylor, Naylor Design, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.

Contents

Acknowledgments

About the Authors

Abbreviations

Executive Summary

Introduction

Background on Biochar

Overall Opportunities and Risks of Biochar Systems

Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems

Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems

Aspects of Technology Adoption

Potential Future Involvement of Development Institutions, Including the World Bank

Chapter 1

Introduction

Potential of Biochar

Increases in Research into Biochar

Content and Purpose of Study

Methodology

Chapter 2

Background on Biochar

Characteristics and Historical Basis of Biochar

Biochar Systems

Note

Chapter 3

Opportunities and Risks of Biochar Systems

Introduction

Impacts on Soil Health and Agricultural Productivity

Impacts on Climate Change

Social Impacts

Competing Uses of Biomass

Notes

Chapter 4

Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems

Survey

Classification of Biochar Systems

Chapter 5

Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems

Life-Cycle Assessment: Definition and Methodology

Case Studies

Kenya Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment

Vietnam Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment

Senegal Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment

Case Study Comparison and Conclusions

Notes

Chapter 6

Aspects of Technology Adoption

Economics of Biochar

Engagement with Carbon Markets

Sociocultural Barriers to Adoption

Note

Chapter 7

Potential Future Involvement of Development Institutions, Including the World Bank

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