Tradition and Liberation
Curzon Studies in Asian Religion
Series Editor: Sue Hamilton, Kings College, London
Editorial Advisory Board:
Nick Allen, University of Oxford
Catherine Despeux, INALCO, Paris
Chris Minkowski, Cornell University
Fabio Rambelli, Williams College, Massachusetts
Andrew Rippin, University of Calgary
Curzon press publishes a Series specifically devoted to Asian Religion, considered from a variety of perspectives: those of theology, philosophy, anthropology, sociology, history, politics and literature. The primary objects of study will be all the religious traditions of the Indian sub-continent, Tibet, China, Japan, South-East Asia, Central Asia, and the Near and Middle East.
The methodology used in the works published in the Series is either comparative or one focused on (a feature of) a specific tradition. The level of readership ranges from undergraduates to specialist scholars. The type of book varies from the introductory textbook to the scholarly monograph.
Proposal or scripts for the Series will be welcomed by the Series Editor or by Jonathan Price, Chief Editor, Curzon Press.
First Published in 1999
by Curzon Press
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
1999 Catherine A. Robinson
Typeset in Horley Old Style by LaserScript Ltd, Mitcham, Surrey
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
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ISBN 13: 978-07007-1143-7 (hbk)
The author wishes to thank the following who have kindly granted permission to use copyright material:
Advaita Ashrama for extracts from The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda vols 5 and 7 (1973; 1972).
K.P. Bagchi & Company for extracts from Marriage of Hindu Widows by I.C. Vidyasagar, introduction by A. Podder (1976).
Cambridge University Press for extracts from Women in Modern India The New Cambridge History of India IV.2 by G. Forbes (1996) and from Introduction: Inventing Traditions by E. Hobsbawm in The Invention of Tradition edited by E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (1984).
Carfax Publishing Limited of Abingdon, Oxfordshire for extracts from the article A Second Sita? by Catherine Robinson in Journal of Beliefs and Values vol. 17 no. 1 (1996).
Ganesh & Company Publishers for extracts from We Two Together by J.H. and M.E. Cousins (1950).
Heritage Publishers for extracts from Women and Social Change by J.M. Everett (1981).
Madras Law Journal for extracts from Answers to a Questionnaire by His Holiness Sri Sankaracharya (1941).
Manushi: A Journal About Women and Society for extracts from essays by Madhu Kishwar (a founder, editor and trustee of Manushi , a nonprofit trust devoted to human rights, social justice and Womens rights).
John Murray (Publishers) Ltd for an extract from Lokamanya Tilak: Father of Indian Unrest by D.V. Tahmankar (1956).
Orbis Books of New York for extracts from the essay Kali, the Savior by Lina Gupta in After Patriarchy: Feminist Transformations of the World Religions edited by P.M. Cooey, W.R. Eakin and J.B. McDaniel (Copyright 1991).
Oxford University Press of New Delhi for extracts from The Inner World: A Psycho-Analytic Study of Childhood and Society in India (Second Edition) by S. Kakar (1988) and from The Social Dimensions of Early Buddhism by U. Chakravarti (1987).
Oxford University Press of Oxford for an extract from A Primer of Hinduism (Second Edition) by J.N. Farquhar (London 1912).
Random House Inc. for an extract from the introduction to Feminism: The Essential Historical Writings edited by M. Schneir (Vintage Books 1972).
Random House UK Limited for extracts from A Woman of India: Being the Life of Saroj Nalini by G.S. Dutt (Hogarth Press 1929).
Sage Publications India Private Limited for extracts from essays Feminism: Indian Ethos and Indian Convictions by S. Chitnis and Bride-burning: The Psycho-Social Dynamics of Dowry Deaths by R. Ghadially and P. Kumar in Women in Indian Society: A Reader edited by R. Ghadially (1988).
The Theosophical Publishing House of Adyar, Chennai for extracts from Ancient Ideals in Modern Life Four Lectures Delivered at the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Meeting of the Theosophical Society at Benares December 1900 by A. Besant (London 1901), from The Birth of New India: A Collection of Writings and Speeches on Indian Affairs by A. Besant (Madras 1917) and from The Besant Spirit: vol. 3 Indian Problems by A. Besant (Madras 1939).
University of California Press for extracts from Utopias in Conflict: Religion and Nationalism in Modern India by A. Embree (Copyright 1990 by The Regents of the University of California), from Tilak and Gokhale: Revolution and Reform in the Making of Modern India by S. Wolpert (Copyright 1962 by The Regents of the University of California) and from the article Women and Movement Politics in India by L.J. Calman in Asian Survey vol. 29 no. 10 (Copyright 1989 by The Regents of the University of California).
University of Pennsylvania Press for extracts from the essay Deep Orientalism? Notes on Sanskrit and Power Beyond the Raj by Sheldon Pollock in Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia edited by C.A. Breckenridge and P. van der Veer (1993).
University of Toronto Press for an extract from the essay The Subjection of Women by J.S. Mill in Essays on Equality, Law and Education from The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill vol. XXI (1984).
Verso New Left Books Ltd for extracts from The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Womens Rights and Feminism in India 18801990 by R. Kumar (London Verso 1993).
The Womens Press Ltd for an extract from the introduction to S peaking of Faith: Cross-cultural Perspectives on Women, Religion and Social Change edited by D.L. Eck and D. Jain.
Zed Books Limited for extracts from Women and Right-Wing Movements: Indian Experiences edited by T. Sarkar and U. Butalia (1995), from In Search of Answers: Indian Womens Voices from Manushi edited by M. Kishwar and R. Vanita (1984) and from We Will Smash This Prison: Indian Women in Struggle by G. Omvedt (1980).
The author is grateful for permission to reproduce copyright material but it has not always been possible to locate some of the owners of copyright, and in such cases information would be welcome.
The author would also like to express her thanks to all those who offered help and support during the writing of this book, and to give special mention to Anastasia Karaflogka, Jean Kennedy and Jane Underdown for their hard work.
