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The Nixon Environmental Agenda: An Insiders View of Republican Decision Making 1968-1972
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David Dominick
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Page Publishing Inc
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2022
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The Environmental Protection Agency was established as an independent federal agency in December 1970 to coordinate government action on behalf of the environment. The EPA will be celebrating its golden anniversary in 2020.

Mr. Dominick feels the time is right to reflect on the beginnings of the EPA and cast a proactive vision of role of the Environmental Protection Agency in the future. Dominick is a lifelong environmentalist and has unique insight to the birth of the EPA.

Dominick worked as a legislative assistant for two US senators from Wyoming. He assisted Senator Milward L. Simpson from 1965 to 1966.

In 1968, he was responsible for personnel placements for the Interior and Agriculture Departments on President-Elect Richard Nixons transition team. President Nixon then appointed Dominick as Commissioner of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA). At that time, the FWPCA was part of the Department of Interior. As Commissioner of the FWPCA, Dominicks responsibilities included making policy decisions regarding water pollution control, supervising five assistant commissioners, ten regional offices, and numerous national laboratories.

In 1971, President Nixon appointed Dominick as assistant administrator for Hazardous Materials Control for the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). He was responsible for national programs in pesticides, radiation, solid waste, noise, and toxic substances. As the principal spokesman for congressional passage of federal pesticides, toxic substances, and noise control legislation, Dominick implemented bans on DDT, predator poisons, mercury, and numerous other agricultural and industrial chemicals. He set radon standards for underground uranium mines and initiated resource recovery and hazardous waste programs. His testimony before congress helped lead to the passage of the 1972 Clean Water Act. In addition, Dominick attended many meetings and conferences around the country, serving as an ambassador of the Nixon Administrations environmental policies.

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The Nixon Environmental Agenda

An Insider's View of Republican Decision Making 1968-1972

David Dominick

First Edition

PAGE PUBLISHING, INC.

Conneaut Lake, PA

First originally published by Page Publishing 2020

ISBN 978-1-64584-521-8 (pbk)

ISBN 978-1-64584-522-5 (digital)

Printed in the United States of America

Table of Contents

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History

Approved:

F. Ross Peterson

Major Professor

Christopher Conte

Committee Member

Carolyn Rhodes

Committee Member

Noelle Cockett

Interim Dean of Graduate Studies

Utah State University

Logan, Utah

1999

To the hundreds of dedicated and honest civil servants with whom I was privileged to serve during these extraordinary five-and-three-quarter years.

And a further dedication, with a note of sadness, to John Ehrlichman, who died the day I wrote this page. He was tough to the end but loyal to the astonishing array of programs that were his responsibility as Chief of Domestic Council.

This paper is being reproduced in fond remembrance of Bill Ruckelshaus.
A Giant in the protection of our natural resources and the environment.

Abstract

The Nixon Environmental Agenda: An Insiders View of Republican Decision-Making, 19681973

David D. Dominick, Master of Arts

Utah State University, 1999

Major Professor: Dr. F. Ross Peterson

Department: History

Richard Nixon, the president, has been given little historical credit for the environmental accomplishments of his administration. Indeed, in his post-presidency memoirs, Nixon himself shows no interest in the environment and when he does speak to the issue, it is disparagingly.

But ironically, my thesis shows that no administration, before or since, has brought such progress to the multiple issues of environmental quality. The thesis explores the political, social, and historical factors that contributed to the environmental revolution of the late sixties and early seventies. The quality of the leaders chosen within the administration helps explain the dichotomy between a negative president and the environmental reform accomplished by his government agencies. It was my privilege to serve with or under these men: Walter Hickel, Russell Train, William Ruckelshaus, John Whitaker, and John Ehrlichman. Dedicated civil servants and other bright young political appointees joined with me on the environmental agenda.

Acknowledgments

This thesis culminates three years of work, all of which was assisted directly by the fine professors and the courses they taught. Without exception, the coursework contributed directly to the thesis. Starting with Professor Anne M. Butler and her boot camp on historical methods and research and ending with Peter Mentzel on world history, each person contributed to my perspective and abilities. The additional professors were David Lewis, Clyde Milner, Carol OConnor, Michael Nicholls, and Chris Conte. Those assisting in production of this document have been Paula Dimler, Carolyn Doyle, and Natalie Lowe.

To my academic committee, I owe the world in seeing this through to completion. My special thanks to Carolyn Rhodes of the political science department and chairman of our committee. Ross Peterson has been an enthusiastic supporter of this thesis since it was but a glimmer in the eye. Where necessary, his humor has carried the day.

Three special friends from very different walks of life have made large personal commitments to this project, and to them, I am much indebted: Halsey Stickel, K. T. Roes, and James Norton. All of them friends.

Particular credit is due all the men interviewed here. Each gave freely and candidly of their time and thoughts to this thesis. It must also be said that much of my personal experience in Washington recorded here was gained in the company of them. Men like Russell Train, William Ruckelshaus, John Whitaker, and John Ehrlichmen stood up for the remarkable environmental agenda sponsored in the first five short years of the Nixon Administration. Each worked with great skill at the highest levels of government. Each had a sense of humor and the powers of leadership. I found them all to be people of integrity in their dealings on the environment. To each of them, my thanks.

David D. Dominick

Preface

Send us someone down here who knows something about agriculture and trees.

This thesis is both a product and a record of my career in federal government service early in my life. At the age of thirty-two, in 1969, I was sworn in as commissioner of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The newly appointed secretary of the interior, Walter J. Hickel, selected me for the position with the approval of the White House. I was the youngest political appointee in charge of a large and growing federal agency as Richard Nixon began his first term in office in January of 1969. Five thousand career and tenured civil servants were under my supervision (with no other political appointees to share the load).

The agencys organization was not atypical and included assistant commissioners for administration, operations, research and development, and enforcement. Nine regional directors reported to me, and the agency had numerous laboratoriesall it seemed in some powerful congressmans backyard. The agencys budget when I walked in the door was about $214 million, mostly money earmarked for the construction of municipal sewage treatment plants. The budget upon my departure was $11.5 billion spread over four years.

In December of 1970, the president, by executive order, transferred my agency to the newly formed and wholly independent Environmental Protection Agency. After I had run the national water pollution program, the new EPA administrator, William D. Ruckelshaus, assigned me responsibility for the remaining myriad of environmental (except for air pollution) programs that had been transferred into EPA: pesticides, radiation, solid waste, noise, and toxic substances. Air and water pollution were not included in my grab bag of new jurisdictions. The organizational rationale was that all the programs outside of air and water were not readily susceptible to being broken apart into their functional components. Each required reorganization, including the merger of elements in each from the several cabinet departments from whence they had come. Their management needed a jump start. I became the presidents appointee confirmed by the senate and the new assistant administrator for Hazardous Materials Control.

The primary source material for this thesis comes principally from the David D. Dominick Collection housed at the University of Wyoming American Heritage Center in Laramie, Wyoming. I donated the collection upon leaving government service. It was catalogued by Gene M. Gressley, director of the center, and is stored in forty-eight file boxes consuming some 18.5 cubic feet of space. The other principal sources for the thesis are numerous taped telephone interviews with those whom I consider the key officials for the Nixon environmental agenda and included William Ruckelshaus, Russell Train, and John Ehrlichman. I have also had additional interviews in person (that have not been taped) with the former secretary of the Interior, Stewart Udall (who served under Kennedy and Johnson from 1961 to 1969), and Raymond Price, one of President Nixons principal speech writers throughout his tenure as president. Price also assisted Nixon with the writing of his first two books after the president resigned from office, and he traveled abroad extensively with Nixon during the years following his presidency.

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