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Boaz Ganor - The Culture of Crime

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Book:
The Culture of Crime
Author:
Boaz Ganor
Publisher:
Routledge
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Books / Home and family
Year:
2018
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There is no journalistic work more deserving of the designation story than news of crime. From antiquity, the culture of crime has been about the human condition, and whether information comes from Homer, Hollywood, or the city desk, it is a bottom about the human capacity for cruelty and suffering, about desperation and fear, about sex, race, and public morals. Facts are important to the telling of a crime story, but ultimately less so than the often apocryphal narratives we derive from them.

The Culture of Crime is hence about the most common and least studies staple of news. Its prominence dates at least to the 1830s, when the urban penny press employed violence, sex, and scandal to build dizzying high levels of circulation and begin the modern age of mass media. In its coverage of crime, in particular, the popular press represented a new kind of journalism, if not a new definition of news, that made available for public consumption whole areas of social and private life that the mercantile, elite, and political press earlier ignored. This legacy has continued unabated for 150 years. The book explores new wrinkles in the study of crime and as a mass cultural activity from exploring the private lives of public officials to dangers posed by constraints to a free press.

The volume is prepared with the rigor of a scholarly brief but also the excitement of actual crime stories as such. Throughout, the reader is reminded that crime stories are both news and drama, and to ignore either is to diminish the other. The work delves deeply into current problems without either sentimental or trivial pursuits. It will be a volume of great interest to people in communications research, the social sciences, criminologists, and not least, the broad public which must endure the punishment of crime and the thrill of the crime story alike.

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The Culture of Crime

Published 1995 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor and Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 95-7674

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The culture of crime / edited by Craig L. LaMay and Everette E. Dennis.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56000-826-1

1. Crime in mass mediaUnited States. 2. Mass mediaSocial aspects

United States. 3. Mass mediaUnited StatesPsychological

aspects. I. LaMay, Craig L. II. Dennis, Everette E.

P96.C74C85 1995

364.10973dc20

95-7674

CIP

ISBN 13: 978-1-56000-826-2 (pbk)

For generations, critics of the press have had one consistent complaint: too much crime in the news. As they decry the emphasis on the lurid and the sensational, they keep coming back to crime, saying that it is the essence of bad news and is largely responsible for the negative slant of the press on almost everything. Serious students of news agree that news does have a negative coloration and that the medias historic love affair with crime, criminals and criminal behavior is largely responsible. At the same time, media scholar Harold Lasswell argues that one of the principal functions of the mass media is surveillance of the environment, which means giving people clues about the nature of the communities in which they live and whether or not they are safe.

One of the earliest collections of newspaper reportage, John Wights Mornings at Bow Street (1824), provided a glimpse of the English courts as they adjudicated disputes, many of them involving crimes great and small. In America, the growth of crime coverage coincided with the penny press of the 1830s. These popular newspapers were sold to the masses for a single penny and often contained accounts of crimes ranging from murder to petty theft. The publishers believed, and rightly, that ordinary people would be more interested in crime than in high finance or foreign policy. Crime or unlawful activity was thought to be more immediate and closer to peoples daily lives than the pronouncements of a foreign minister, for example. With the growth of cities, crime in America, at least, became more rampant and more vital to peoples existence, although one could argue that the presss preoccupation with crime conditioned the public to expect a violent society and perhaps even made people believe that life was more dangerous than it actually was.

Crime and criminal activity are linked to the function of criminal law, which has been defined by the Directory of the Social Sciences as follows:

to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive or injurious, and to provide sufficient safeguards against exploitation and corruption of others, particularly those who are specially vulnerable because they are young, weak in body or mind, inexperienced, or in a state of special physical, official or economic dependence.

At the same time, crime has helped shape the modern definition of news, because news usually involves conflict and whatever is bizarre, sensational or deviant; and crime clearly is deviant behavior.

Crime is a staple of the modern media, as shown by the attention given to celebrated trials involving famous people. For example, one of the most seminal trials that shaped news coverage (and media criticism) was that of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, who was tried and convicted of kidnapping and murdering the son of aviator Charles Lindbergh in the 1930s. In the 1950s, the trial of Dr. Samuel H. Sheppard, an osteopath in Cleveland, Ohio, similarly rode on a wave of sensational reporting, much of it later deemed deleterious by critics and courts alike. That trial, along with one that never occurredthat of Lee Harvey Oswald, who was accused of assassinating President John F. Kennedy but killed within hours of his arrestled to a national discussion of the issue of press versus fair trial, pitting the rights of the media and the public under the First Amendment against those of the defendant under the Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Again, after much hand-wringing, codes of conduct for court officers and journalists were agreed upon, and more than 30 states organized fair trial-free press committees.

While most of the constraints on the media were voluntary for a time, the rules seemed to work pretty well. Still, First Amendment attorneys worried that even voluntary rules could be made mandatory by courts if they chose to define appropriate and proper journalistic standards. In time, that is exactly what happened, and the genteel agreements among court officers, lawyers and journalists broke down by the early 1980s.

Then in 1994, what may be the most celebrated criminal case in modern American history emerged when former football star, actor and television personality O.J. Simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife, Nicole, and her friend, Ronald Goldman. Massive media coverage preempted even soap operas, and the nation was captivated. In an age when TV cameras are allowed in most trial courtrooms, the public got both a close look at legal proceedings and considerably more feedback from reports outside the courtroom. Tabloid sensationalism about the case mounted, causing the judge in the case, Lance Ito, to try to shield potential jurors from what he thought was contaminating publicity.

Today, some critics assert that the media system is out of control and that courts and laws are unable to influence how they and their activities are perceived in society. This is probably true, but at the same time, the principle of open courtrooms and freely accessible information seems to take precedence over constraints on the media. And it also might be argued that even in the O.J. Simpson case, it was possible for discerning readers and viewers to get a wide range of high-quality information, as well as the more scurrilous and sensational.

What the O.J. Simpson case indicated, though, was the durability and continuing importance of crime coverage in America and elsewhere. Crime is a topic of universal appeal and ultimately makes a statement about the nature of the society itself. In the 1990s, however, it became clear that media coverage of crime was often misleading not in detailing specific cases but in giving the overall impression that crime was on the rise when, in fact, various statistics indicated that the number of violent crimes actually decreased in many metropolitan areas. Crime is often the focal point of elections and politics, with office seekers arguing that they will be tougher on crime than their opponents will. Covered without context, such claims often cloud full public understanding of crime and criminal activity.

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