Boaz Ganor - The Counter-Terrorism Puzzle: A Guide for Decision Makers

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The
Counter-Terrorism
Puzzle

The
Counter-Terrorism
Puzzle

A Guide for Decision Makers

Boaz Ganor

First published 2005 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2005 by The Interdisciplinary Center for Herzliya Projects.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2004063698

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ganor, Boaz.
The counter-terrorism puzzle: a guide for decision makers / Boaz Ganor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7658-0298-8 (cloth: alk. paper)
ISBN l-4l28-0602-X (pbk. alk.paper)
1. TerrorismPrevention. 2. TerrorismGovernment policy. 3. War on Terrorism, 2001- I. Title.
HV6431.G267 2005
363.32dc22 2004063698

ISBN 13: 978-0-7658-0298-9 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-4128-0602-2 (hbk)

This book is dedicated to two great people who are no longer with us: my late father, attorney David Ganor, who taught me the theory of learning and from whom I inherited my thirst for knowledge; and my teacher, the late Professor Ehud Sprinzak, one of the greatest researchers on terrorism, who instructed and guided me in preparing my doctoral dissertation, upon which this book is based.

Contents

Defining Terrorism as a Fundamental Counter-Terrorism Measure

Definition of Terrorism

Methods of Operation and Goals in the Violent Struggle of Organizations against Nations

A Nations Strategic Goals in Combating Terrorism

Factors that Influence the Violent Activity of Terrorist Organizations

The Terrorism Equation

The Place of Intelligence in Counter-Terrorism Strategy

Deterrence of Terrorist Organizations

Components of Israels Deterrent Image

Suicide Attacks in Israel 10/200012/2003

Sanctions against States Supporting Terrorism

Formulating Deterrence against Terrorist Organizations

The Effectiveness of Offensive Actions

Indicators for the Effectiveness of Counter-Terrorism

Timing and Location of Offensive and Defensive Actions

Indicators of the Democratic Dilemma

The Democratic Dilemma in Counter-Terrorism

Counter-Terrorism Legislation

Punitive Measures in Counter-Terrorism

The Strategy of Modern Terrorism

Fear of Terrorism

Coping with Terrorism

Factors that Influence the Israeli Government in Counter-Terrorism

Decision-Making Dilemmas in the War on Terrorism

I want to thank sincerely the interviewees who consented to give of their valuable time; my family, who understood and supported me throughout the entire process; and in particular, my wife, Amit, and my children Lee, Tom, and Dan, who had to give up a great deal of quality time with their father while this book was being written.

My appreciation and thanks to Irwin Hochberg, Ellie and Mel Dubin, David P. Steinmann, and Eugene M. Grant for their unwavering support in publishing this book.

On September 11, 2001, international terrorism crossed the Rubicon and became unrecognizable following the attacks in the United States. The force of the attack, the targets chosen, the terrorists daring and their sophisticated planning, the way in which all accepted conventions were shattered while boundaries and limits were crossed, and most of all, the enormous scope of the damage and the number of victimsall of these turned international terrorism into an immediate, tangible, and existential danger to modern civilization and the entire world.

The attacks of September 11, which were immediately followed by a series of biological terror attacks (anthrax envelopes sent to various targets in the U.S.), marked the beginning of a transition from modern terrorism to unlimited and unrestrained post-modern terrorism. The potential for injuring thousands of people in a single attack, the danger posed by the use of unconventional materials (chemical, biological, radiological, and even nuclear), and the spread of radical Islamic ideology, which perceives anyone who does not share the fundamentalist point of viewbe they Jewish, Christian or Muslimis a heretic who must be fought, have all turned terrorism into an international problem of the highest magnitude. Terrorism is no longer merely a local problem to be dealt with by one country or other. Rather, it has become an unprecedented danger to world peace, resulting from a radical Islamic terror network that has spread worldwide and is focused on fulfilling the divine religious commandment of holy warjihadby means of terror attacks.

In the face of this grave threat the world stands confused and divided. Most people are unaware of just how great the danger is, and in any case, they lack the skills required to deal with this new breed of terrorism. While soldiers, police officers, and security forces must drill and train long and hard in order to be able to cope with the enemy on the field of battle, it would appear that governmental bodiesministers and members of parliament, policymakers, and heads of security networksact and make decisions about terrorism without the proper background, without previous knowledge regarding the major dilemmas they must address, while making decisions under the stress of public pressure and tremendous time constraints.

In todays world it is hard to find a more complex and problematic issue facing decision makers than the need to contend with terrorism. The difficulty in defining a counter-terrorism policy derives, among other things, from the unique characteristics of the phenomenon itself:

1. InterdisciplinaryIn order to fully understand the phenomenon of terrorism, the tools of a single research discipline do not suffice. Almost all academic disciplines are relevant to one aspect or another of terrorism. In order to understand just how complex this phenomenon is, all we need do is to remind ourselves of some of the disciplines that are directly or indirectly related to terrorism, such as: psychology, sociology, political science, law, economics, computer science, biology, chemistry, etc. To cope effectively with terrorism, therefore, a certain degree of familiarity with each of the aforementioned spheres is required, as is the ability to formulate a situational assessment and make decisions on an interdisciplinary basis.
2. Ambiguous boundary between the front line and the home front By its very nature, terrorism blurs the boundaries between the front line and the home front. Terrorists focus their attacks on the civilian population in an attempt to discover the vulnerable soft underbelly of the country and society under attack. Coping with terror cannot, therefore, be based only on police-military skills; rather, it also involves civilian actions in a variety of areas.

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