Michael E. Symonds MD - Maternal-Fetal Nutrition During Pregnancy and Lactation

This page intentionally left blank Maternal-Fetal Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation Maternal-Fetal Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation Editors Michael E. Symonds and Margaret M. Ramsay University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521887090 Cambridge University Press 2010 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2010 ISBN-13 978-0-511-67556-0 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-88709-0 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Contents Contributors page Section 1 Nutritional regulation 10 Influences of timing and duration of formula feeding on infant growth and requirements for pregnancy William C.

Heird and fetal growth 11 Maternal and offspring benefits of Maternal adaptations to pregnancy breast-feeding and the role of the placenta Alison C. Tse and Karin B. Michels Leslie Myatt and Theresa Powell Pregnancy and feto-placental growth: Section 3 Specialized requirements macronutrients Laura Brown, Tim Regnault, Paul Rozance, 12 Teenage pregnancies James Barry, and William W. Hay Jr. Annie S. Anderson and Wendy L.

Wrieden Mineral requirements of the mother 13 Vegetarians and vegans during and conceptus pregnancy and lactation Lorraine Gambling and Harry J. McArdle Rana Conway and Adrienne Cullum Individualized growth curves and 14 Hyperemesis in pregnancy size at birth James D. Paauw and Alan T. Davis Eve Blair 15 Multiple pregnancy Maternal diets in the developing world Barbara Luke Shobha Rao and Chittaranjan Yajnik 16 Mineral and vitamin supplementation Preeclampsia before, during, and after conception Fergus McCarthy and Louise Kenny Y. Ingrid Goh 17 Determinants of egg and embryo Section 2 Nutritional regulation quality: long-term effects of maternal diet and assisted reproduction and requirements for lactation Kevin D. Sinclair and Wing Yee Kwong and infant growth 18 Nutrition, environment, and epigenetics Macronutrients for lactation and Ian M.

Morison and Wolf Reik infant growth Thibault Senterre and Jacques Rigo Changes in nutrient requirements with age after birth Index Christopher H. Knight Comparison between preterm and term infants v Mary Fewtrell and Sirinuch Chomtho Contributors Annie S. Anderson BSc PhD Lorraine Gambling BSc PhD Centre for Public Health Nutrition Research, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University Department of Medicine, University of Dundee, of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK Y. Ingrid Goh HBSc PhD James Barry MD Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, Canada USA William W. Hay Jr. MD Eve Blair PhD Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Centre for Child Health Research, University of University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia USA Laura Brown MD William C.

Heird MD Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Childrens Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA USA Louise Kenny PhD MRCOG Sirinuch Chomtho MD PhD Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, University Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, College London Institute of Child Health, London, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland UK Christopher H. Knight PhD Rana Conway PhD BSc RPHNutr University of Copenhagen Faculty of Life Sciences, Freelance Public Health Nutritionist, London, UK Frederiksberg, Denmark Adrienne Cullum BSc PhD RPHNutr Wing Yee Kwong Centre for Public Health Excellence, National School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK UK Barbara Luke ScD MPH Alan T. Davis PhD Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Reproductive Biology, and Department of and GRMERC Department of Research, Grand Epidemiology, Michigan State University, East Rapids, Michigan, USA Lansing, Michigan, USA Mary Fewtrell MD MA FRCPCH Harry J. McArdle BSc PhD Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, University Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK UK vi Contributors Fergus McCarthy MRCPI Wolf Reik MD FMedSci Anu Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge; Professor Gynaecology, Cork University Maternity Hospital, of Epigenetics, Centre for Trophoblast Research, University College Cork, Wilton, Cork, Ireland Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Karin B. Michels ScD PhD UK Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Jacques Rigo MD PhD Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Womens Pediatrics and Neonatal Department, University of Hospital, Harvard Medical School; and Department Lige, CHR Citadelle, Lige, Belgium of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Boston, MA, USA Paul Rozance MD Perinatal Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Ian M. Morison MBChB PhD FRCPA University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of USA Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Thibault Senterre MD Pediatrics and Neonatal Department, University of Leslie Myatt PhD Lige, CHR Citadelle, Lige, Belgium University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA Kevin D.

Sinclair PhD School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, James D. Paauw MD PhD Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK Spectrum Health Metabolic Nutrition Support Service and Department of Surgery, Michigan State Alison C. Tse SM University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Theresa Powell PhD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Wendy L. Wrieden PhD of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, Public Health Nutrition Research Group, Section of USA Population Health, Institute of Applied Health Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK Shobha Rao, PhD Biometry and Nutrition Unit, Agharkar Research Chittaranjan Yajnik MD FRCP Institute, Pune, India Diabetes Unit, King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Center, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Tim Regnault PhD Pune, India Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada vii Section 1 Nutritional regulation and requirements for pregnancy and Chapter fetal growth 1 Maternaladaptationstopregnancyandthe role of the placenta Leslie Myatt and Theresa Powell Delivery of an optimally grown, viable infant defines within 5 weeks of conception . Blood volume a successful pregnancy. Optimal growth is achieved increases from 6 to 8 weeks gestation onward by 45% to by the interaction of maternal, placental, and fetal reach approximately 5 l at 32 weeks gestation This systems to deliver maternal nutrients to the placenta, increase is greater with multifetal gestation and cor transfer them to the fetus, and maximize their utiliza relates with fetal weight.