M Kiran - Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Bio-Inspired Quality of Service Aware Routing Protocols

MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Bio-Inspired Quality of Service Aware Routing Protocols

MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS

Bio-Inspired Quality of Service Aware Routing Protocols

G Ram Mohana Reddy Kiran M

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Version Date: 20160614

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To my parents, B. Manjappa and Padma Manjappa, my wife, Dr. Karishma Kiran, and my daughter, Manasvi Kiran.

Kiran M.

To my parents, the late Sri G. Ramasubba Reddy and the late Smt. G. Ramakka, and my elder brother, the late Sri G. Ramachandra Reddy.

G.R.M. Reddy

Contents

The distinguishing characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) such as increased connectivity, decentralized communication, infrastructure-less environment, easy deployment and maintenance have made MANETs a promising and popular network in todays telecommunication network. These distinguishing features of MANETs are well suited for military applications and disaster applications. Further, MANETs are also used in emergency operations such as search and rescue. Thus, this applicability of MANETs has further influenced its increased popularity among the other networks. Hence, MANETs have become research topics of high interest in research fields. On the other hand, MANETs suffer from the following shortcomings:

1. Due to multi-hop communication models, MANETs suffer from low throughput, high end-to-end delay and increased control packet overhead.

2. Due to the dynamic topology of MANETs, finding a reliable path between the source and the destination node is a challenging task.

3. As MANETs contain resource constrained nodes and channels are shared among the available nodes in the network, providing QoS to the application end users is difficult.

4. Since available bandwidth is smaller, providing quality of service (QoS) in MANETs is more difficult.

5. As communication channels are shared, there are some security issues in MANETs, especially in military applications.

Thus, researchers are working toward finding new and novel solutions to the weaknesses of MANETs. In recent years, a lot of work has been done in an effort to incorporate swarm intelligence (SI) techniques in building adaptive routing protocols for MANETs. As centralized approaches for routing in MANETs lack scalability and fault tolerance, SI techniques provide natural solutions through distributed approaches to the adaptive routing for MANETs. Further, the cross layer desing (CLD), a promising technique used for providing QoS, has not been explored much in developing SI-based routing protocols for increasing the efficiency of mobile wireless networks. One can find very limited work which combines CLD and SI techniques in developing adaptive routing protocols for MANETs.

Thus, this text concentrates on two different techniques, namely SI and CLD, for providing QoS in MANETs. Further, the authors focus on how security could be provided to the application end users through SI principles for MANETs. At the end of the day, reader will know about the salient features of animal societies and insect societies that have influenced researchers in developing adaptive routing protocols for MANETs and exploring the analogy between MANETs working principles and animal and insect societies. Further, the future directions will motivate the researchers to think in the open research directions in the fields of SI and CLD for providing QoS for MANETs.

I thank my parents, B. Manjappa and Padma Manjappa, for their constant encouragement. I attribute the completion of this work to the help of my wife Dr. Karishma Kiran, and my daughter, Manasvi Kiran. Without them, this text surely would not have been made possible. I also thank C.G.M Vishwas and Mamatha for their continuous support during the preparation of this text. Finally, I thank my institution, Jawaharlal Nehru National College of Engineering at Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

M. Kiran

I express my sincere gratitude to the Directors of National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, Karnataka, India namely Prof. Sandeep Sancheti (during November 2006 to July 2012) and Prof. Swapan Bhattacharya (during August 2012 to December 2015) for their enthusiasm and support towards research in this area of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and also for writing this book. I also thank my wife, Vijayalakshmi, for her patience and encouragement during the preparation of this book.

G.R.M. Reddy

CONTENTS

Computer networks can be broadly classified as wired and wireless networks. Wireless networks can be further classified into single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks. Single-hop wireless networks can be infrastructure based (e.g., cellular networks) or infrastructure-less (e.g., Bluetooth). Multi-hop wireless networks can also be infrastructure based (e.g. Wireless Mesh Networks WMNs) or infrastructure-less (e.g., mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), or wireless sensor networks (WSNs)). Infrastructure-based networks have a fixed infrastructure of network elements such as routers, gateways, access points and base stations. Infrastructure-less networks do not have any fixed infrastructure and hence nodes act as routers or gateways when required. shows the general classification of computer networks.