Gabriel - Love and Capital. Karl and Jenny Marx and the Birth of a Revolution

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For John

and

In loving memory of my grandfather

Adams, Charles Francis lawyer, U.S. ambassador to Great Britain during Abraham Lincolns administration, son of the sixth U.S. president, John Quincy Adams.

Adler, Victor Austrian journalist, leader of the Austrian Social Democrats, and a close associate of Engels.

Albert (n Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) married Queen Victoria in 1840 and became Prince Albert. He was instrumental in developing cultural and scientific institutions in England.

Alexander II (n Aleksandr Nikolayevich) czar of Russia from 1855 to 1881. He ended serfdom in 1861 and allowed some modernization of Russias economy and political life, but his government was repressive and accused of neglecting the vast majority of its citizens. He was assassinated in 1881.

Earl of Angus descendant of one of the oldest family lines in Scotland dating to the tenth century, the first Earl of Angus was titled in 1389. He died in prison after being captured by the English.

Anneke, Fritze ex-Prussian military officer, journalist, and an early communist agitator in Cologne, later a democrat. He was jailed for six months in 1848 for organizing workers, fought in the 1849 uprising in Baden, and emigrated to the United States, where he joined the Union army during the Civil War.

Annenkov, Pavel wealthy Russian liberal journalist and friend of Marx.

Appian historian born in Alexandria, capital of Roman Egypt, c. AD 95. He wrote Roman History sometime before 165.

Earl of Argyll descendant of one of Scotlands most powerful and controversial families, Archibald Campbell, 7th Earl of Argyll, was executed in Edinburgh in 1661 for opposing Britains Charles II.

Aveling, Edward British doctor of zoology, journalist, secularist, theater critic, playwright, socialist, labor agitator, and common-law husband of Marxs youngest daughter, Eleanor. His pen name was Alec Nelson.

Aveling, Isabel (ne Frank)first wife of Edward Aveling, daughter of a wealthy poulterer in Londons Leadenhall Market. Known as Bell.

Bakunin, Antonia (ne Kwiatkowski) daughter of a Polish merchant, wife of Mikhail Bakunin.

Bakunin, Mikhail nineteenth-century Russian aristocrat turned anarchist and author, he had a loyal following in Italy, France, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, and Russia, and was Marxs lifelong political rival.

Balzac, Honor de French novelist who combined Romanticism with realism to produce a detailed and intimate picture of social, political, and economic life during the early nineteenth century in France.

Bangya, Janos Hungarian journalist and police spy for Prussia who successfully infiltrated Marxs inner circle in London. He later worked for the secret police in Paris under Napoleon III.

Barbes, Armand veteran French revolutionary and member of the early Society of the Seasons, which led a failed revolt in 1839. Imprisoned by Louis-Philippe and freed after the 1848 revolt, he briefly became a member of the National Assembly.

Barrett, Michael Irishman hanged in 1868 outside Londons Newgate Prison for his participation in a bombing at the Clerkenwell jail that killed twelve people. Barrett was the last man publicly hanged in England.

Barthlemy, Emmanuel French follower of Auguste Blanqui and fighter in the 1848 June Days in Paris, he appeared in London at about the time Marx arrived in 1849 and frequented some of the same political associations. He believed Marx too conservative and plotted to kill him. Barthlemy was later executed in London for two murders.

Baudelaire, Charles one of Frances most influential poets, he examined mystical darkness as well as mans cruelty to man, which he described as evident in the nineteenth-century society around him. He was a friend of Marxs future son-in-law Charles Longuet in Paris in the 1860s.

Bauer, Bruno Young Hegelian, radical German theologian and philosopher, and an early Marx colleague in Berlin.

Bauer, Edgar German philosopher, writer, and Young Hegelian, he was attacked by Marx and Engels in The Holy Family along with his brother Bruno but remained friends with Marx in London.

Bauer, Heinrich German shoemaker and a founder of the League of the Just in London, he later became a member of the Communist League, traveling from London to Germany to propagandize. He eventually emigrated to Australia.

Bauer, Ludwig German doctor in London who attended the Marx family upon their arrival in London and pursued Marx for unpaid bills.

Bax, Ernest Belfort British journalist and author of the first independent English review praising Marxs Capital, Volume I. Later active in the burgeoning British socialist movement along with Eleanor Marx, he was a future leader of the British Socialist Party.

Bazalgette, Joseph nineteenth-century civil engineer charged with building a sewage system for London that would protect its citizens from outbreaks of cholera that killed thousands.

Bebel, August a leading figure in the nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century German workers political movement and the International, cofounder of the Social-Democratic Workers Party, and member of the Reichstag, he would be a critical figure in the movement after Marxs and Engelss deaths.

Becker, Hermann German lawyer and journalist who had begun publishing a series of Marxs collected works before being arrested in the spring of 1851 as a defendant in the Cologne Communist Trial. He was sentenced to five years in prison for attempted high treason. In later years he was mayor of Dortmund and Cologne, and a member of the Reichstag.

Becker, Johann veteran German revolutionary resident in Switzerland, participant in the 1848 uprisings and the First International, and active in the Swiss working-class movement. He was a lifelong friend of Marx, Engels, and Jenny.

Berlin, Isaiah twentieth-century Russian-born British liberal philosopher, historian of ideas, known first for his work on political freedom, Two Concepts of Liberty.

Bernays, Karl Ludwig (n Lazarus Ferdinand Coelestin) Bavarian newspaper editor expelled for his liberal views, he worked with Marx on two newspapers in Paris and was jailed under pressure from Prussia for an antimonarchy article. He eventually emigrated to the United States. Known as F. C. Bernays.

Bernstein, Eduard Swiss-based German newspaper editor and German Social Democrat viewed by Marx and Engels as among the most capable new-generation party men. Accused of revisionism after Engelss death, he was a close friend of Eleanor Marx after he moved to England. Known as Ede.