ELIZABETH I AND HER CIRCLE
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Susan Doran 2015
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First Edition published in 2015
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For Hugo when he is older
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I owe a great debt to friends and colleagues who have read and commented most helpfully on part or all of this book: Joanna Coates, Alan Doran, Alexandra Gajda, Paulina Kewes, Judith Richards, and Corinna Streckfuss. Additionally, Paulina has my deep gratitude for her encouragement, advice, and generosity in sending me essays and articles that I would otherwise have missed, while I cannot thank Corinna enough for checking the text and the many footnotes, and recommending amendments. All remaining mistakes are of course mine. I am also very grateful to Natalie Mears and Charlotte Merton, who kindly sent me copies of their important unpublished theses, which I have cited frequently, and Caroline McManus, who emailed me her article in the Ben Jonson Journal. Caroline Warman translated a difficult French passage, for which I also offer thanks.
I am immensely grateful to Jesus College Oxford for the award of a Major Research Grant that enabled me to spend a month at the Huntington Library, San Marino, California. At the library, the then archivist Mary Robinson was particularly helpful, as was Edward Rinderle in arranging the photographic reproduction of HM 68350. The kind offer of accommodation by Carole Levin near the Folger Shakespeare Library allowed me to consult their collection.
Finally, I must thank Luciana O Flaherty and Matthew Cotton at Oxford University Press for commissioning the book, accepting the changes to my original proposal, and allowing me more time than originally agreed. Their support has been very much appreciated. I would also like express my thanks to everyone in the production team at OUP.
CONTENTS
Portrait of Anne Boleyn, late sixteenth century
The family of Henry VIII, c. 1544
Elizabeth as a princess, aged about 13, c. 1546
Lady Katherine Grey holding her son, Edward, by Lievine Teerlink
Double portrait of Mary Queen of Scots and James VI, dated 1583
The most ancient and famouse pedygrye of the earl of Leicester
Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester
Elizabeth I, 1575
Preparatory sketches of Elizabeth and Leicester by Federigo Zuccaro
The Sieve Portrait of Elizabeth
Sir Christopher Hatton
Young Man among Roses, a miniature by Nicholas Hilliard
Sir Walter Raleigh attributed to H, 1588
The second earl of Essex before Cadiz by Marcus Gheeraerts the younger
A lady called Countess of Nottingham by John de Critz the elder
William Cecil, Lord Burghley, on his mule
The Family of Henry VIII attributed to Lucas de Heere
Sir Robert Cecil by John de Critz
The Rainbow Portrait attributed to Isaac Oliver
1558 | (17 Nov.) Accession of Elizabeth I. |
1559 | (Jan.) Coronation of queen. (Apr.) Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis ending war with France. Re-establishment of Protestant Church in England. (May) Protestant rebellion in Scotland. (July) Accession of Francis II to French throne. |
1560 | (Feb.) Treaty of Berwick. (July) Treaty of Edinburgh ending war in Scotland. (Aug.) Protestantism established in Scotland. (Dec.) Death of Francis II of France. |
1561 | (Aug.) Mary Queen of Scots return to Scotland. |
1562 | (July) Massacre of Vassy. First French civil war. (Sept.) Treaty of Hampton Court with French protestants. (Oct.) Elizabeth ill with smallpox. English occupation of Le Havre. |
1563 | (Jan.Apr.) Succession debates in parliament. (July) Surrender of Le Havre. |
1564 | (Apr.) Treaty of Troyes with France. Resumption of archduke marriage negotiations. |
1565 | (July) Marys marriage to Lord Darnley. |
1566 | (Summer) Unrest in the Netherlands. (Oct.Dec.) Succession debates in parliament. |
1567 | (Feb.) Darnleys murder. (July) Marys imprisonment and deposition. (Aug.) Alvas arrival in the Netherlands. (Sept.) Outbreak of second war of religion in France. |
1568 | (May) Marys flight to England. (Dec.) Breach with Spain. |
1569 | (Jan.) Suspension of Anglo-Spanish trade. (July) Outbreak of first Desmond rebellion. (Oct.) Rising of the northern earls. |
1570 | (Jan.) Assassination of Regent Moray. (Feb.) Papal bull of excommunication. (May) Restart of negotiations for Marys restoration. (Aug.) Peace of St-Germain between Charles IX and Huguenots. |
1571 | Marriage negotiations with Henry, duke of Anjou. Ridolfi plot. |
1572 | (Apr.) Anglo-French treaty of Blois. Reopening of revolt against Spain in Holland and Zeeland. (Aug.) St Bartholomew massacre of protestants in France. (Nov.) Election of Morton as Scottish regent. |
1573 | (Apr.) Capture of Edinburgh Castle for regent. |
1574 | (May) Accession of Henry III of France. (Aug.) Treaty of Bristol ending trade dispute with Spain. (During year) Arrival of first Catholic priests from Douai. |
1575 | (July) Edmund Grindals translation to see of Canterbury. |
1576 | (Feb.) Offer of sovereignty of Holland and Zeeland to Elizabeth. (May) Establishment of Catholic League in France. (June) Queens ban on prophesyings. (Nov.) Sack of Antwerp by Spanish troops. Pacification of Ghent. |
1577 | (Feb.) Perpetual edict. (May) Suspension of Grindal. (July) Truce broken in the Netherlands. (Dec.) Drakes departure on voyage resulting in circumnavigation of the globe. |