Contents
Published by Icon Books Ltd, Omnibus Business Centre, 3941 North Road, London N7 9DP
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ISBN: 978-184831-759-8
Text and illustrations copyright 2013 Icon Books Ltd
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Originating editor: Richard Appignanesi
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6 MAY 1856: Sigmund Freud is born in Freiburg, Moravia, which is today in Czechoslovakia but was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Freuds ancestry was Jewish.
HIS FATHER, JAKOB FREUD (181596), WAS A FAIRLY SUCCESSFUL WOOL MERCHANT. JAKOB WAS 40, WITH TWO GROWN SONS AND ALREADY A GRANDFATHER, WHEN HE WAS MARRIED, FOR A SECOND TIME, TO AMALIE NATHANSON (18351930). SIGI WAS THE FIRST-AND FAVOURITE-OF AMALIE 8 CHILDREN.
A MAN WHO HAS BEEN THE INDISPUTABLE FAVOURITE OF HIS MOTHER KEEPS FOR LIFE THE FEELING OF A CONQUEROR, THAT CONFIDENCE OF SUCCESS THAT OFTEN INDUCES REAL SUCCESS
FREUD
MY GOLDEN SIGI IS DESTINED TO BE A GREAT MAN!
A MAN WHO HAS BEEN THE INDISPUTABLE FAVOURITE OF HIS MOTHER KEEPS FOR LIFE THE FEELING OF A CONQUEROR, THAT CONFIDENCE OF SUCCESS THAT OFTEN INDUCES REAL SUCCESS
FREUD
1860: the Freud family moves permanently to Vienna, the ancient capital of the Hapsburg Empire. Freuds choice of boyhood heroes reveals a deep dislike of Imperial Vienna: the anti-monarchist Oliver Cromwell and the Carthaginian general Hannibal.
WHY HANNIBAL SON?
BECAUSE HE WAS A SEMITIC LEADER WHO FOUGHT THE ROMANS!
AND AUSTRIA WAS ROMAN CATHOLIC AND ANTI-SEMITIC.
JAKOB FREUD TELLS HIS 12-YEAR-OLD SIGI A STORY
A GENTILE KNOCKED MY CAP INTO THE GUTTER
JEW, GET OFF THE PAYMENT! HE SAID
WHAT DID YOU DO?
WELL, I PICKED UP MY CAP
SIGI WAS SHOCKED BY HIS FATHERS LACK OF HEROISM.
Vienna in the 1890s was famous for its Blue Danube, its wit, sensuality, waltzes and cafs But it had a darker side!
POVERTY
The Empire was in deep economic trouble. The jobless were crowded in slums and flophouses.
RACISM
Karl lueger, mayor of vienna, made anti-Semitism politically fashionable.
NONSENSE! I TREAT MY JEWS FINE.
SURE ASK HERZL!
PROSTITUTION, DISEASE, SEXUAL HYPOCRISY
PROSTITUTES ARE PAID FOR THE PLEASURE DENIED TO RESPECTABLE MARRIED WOMEN.
The brighter side:
Social improvement was the bright hope of Social Democracy the Austrian brand of parliamentary Marxism.
WHAT DOES OUR SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC LEADER VICTOR ALDER SAY?
I SAY A PEACEFUL PROGRAMME OF SOCIAL REFORM!
AND FEMINISM!
SCIENCE IS THE GREAT OPTIMISTIC FORCE!
1873: Freud begins medical studies at the University of Vienna and finishes in 1881 three years longer than normal. Freuds special interests are histology and neurophysiology: the scientific study of organic tissues and the nervous system. He wanted to be a scientist not a doctor.
ONE OF FREUDS TEACHERS, ERNST BRCKE (181992), THE GREAT GERMAN PHYSIOLOGIST, WAS A FOUNDER OF MECHANISM.
THE SO-CALLED VITAL FUNCTIONS ARE SIMPLY EXCHANGES OF ENERGY BETWEEN LIVIN AND NONLIVING MATTER.
THE LEADING MECHANIST, HERMANN HELMHOLTZ (182194).
Mechanism proposed that life should be investigated and understood by the experimental methods of chemistry and physics.
187681: Freud does important pioneering work on nerve cells.
MECHANISM ASKS DISTURBING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE HUMAN MIND
The nervous systems of higher and lower life are made of the same basic stuff. Does this mean the human mind and that of frogs differ only in degree of complication?
The Mechanist answer is yes!
1882: Freud was happy doing scientific work at Brckes University lab. But Brcke gave him some fatherly advice
ACADEMIC POSTS ARE FEW AND BADLY PAID. YOUR CHANCES OF ADVANCEMENT AS A JEW ARE BAD.
MY FATHER CANT AFFORD TO SUPPORT ME. THE CRASH OF 1873 RUINED HIM AND HE HAS 6 OTHER CHILDREN TO FEED!
There was something else marriage plans. Freud met and fell in love with Martha Bernays (18611951).
ILL HAVE TO GIVE UP SCIENCE!
NOT FOREVER I HOPE!
18821885: Freud had to face another long training period in clinical medicine at the Vienna General Hospital before starting a private practice.
First he served as assistant to Hermann Nothnagel (18411905), Professor of Internal Medicine.
NOTHNAGEL IS BRILLIANT. BUT SURGERY DOESNT EXCITE ME.
1883: Freud spends 5 months working in the Psychiatric Clinic under Theodor Meynert (183392), the greatest brain anatomist and neuropathologist at that time.
THE MOST CONCENTRATED NERVOUS STRUCTURES ARE HERE
WHAT ABOUT IDEAS?
SIMPLY THE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESULT OF A NEUROLOGICAL PROCESS.
Meynert influenced Freud to become a specialist in neuropathology (diseases of the nervous system).
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