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Jacobs Charlotte DeCroes - Jonas Salk: a life

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Jacobs Charlotte DeCroes Jonas Salk: a life

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Prologue: Two plagues -- Born to serve -- Finding his place -- A wedding and a war -- Joining the fight against influenza -- Vaccine neophyte -- Pittsburghs virgin territory -- Polio -- The chosen -- Ready to run -- Research sub rosa -- Out of his hands -- The worlds largest clinical trial -- Relief from fear -- The Cutter affair -- Fame and its consequences -- Act II -- Two cultures under one roof -- The price of a masterpiece -- Seeking Shangri-La -- A troubled marriage -- Harnessing the immune system -- A most unusual arrangement -- Salk unfolding -- Fall from grace -- Final fling -- Marginalized -- The swine flu snafu -- Return to the polio vaccine controversy -- A Trojan horse -- Disciples, sycophants, and lovers -- AIDS: Salks next mountain -- Unbowed.;He first full biography of Jonas Salk offers a complete picture of the enigmatic figure, from his early years working on an influenza vaccine--for which he never fully got credit--to his seminal creation of the Polio vaccine, up through his later work to find a cure for AIDS--;When a waiting world learned on April 12, 1955, that Jonas Salk had successfully created a vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis, he became a hero overnight. Born in a New York tenement, humble in manner, Salk had all the makings of a twentieth-century icon-a knight in a white coat. In the wake of his achievement, he received a staggering number of awards and honors; for years his name ranked with Gandhi and Churchill on lists of the most revered people. And yet the one group whose adulation he craved--the scientific community--remained ominously silent. The worst tragedy that could have befallen me was my success, Salk later said. I knew right away that I was through-cast out. In the first complete biography of Jonas Salk, Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs unravels Salks story to reveal an unconventional scientist and a misunderstood and vulnerable man. Despite his incredible success in developing the polio vaccine, Salk was ostracized by his fellow scientists, who accused him of failing to give proper credit to other researchers and scorned his taste for media attention. Even before success catapulted him into the limelight, Salk was an inscrutable man disliked by many of his peers. Driven by an intense desire to aid mankind, he was initially oblivious and eventually resigned to the personal cost--as well as the costs suffered by his family and friends. And yet Salk remained, in the eyes of the public, an adored hero. Based on hundreds of personal interviews and unprecedented access to Salks sealed archives, Jacobs biography offers the most complete picture of this complicated figure. Salks story has never been fully told; until now, his role in preventing polio has overshadowed his part in co-developing the first influenza vaccine, his effort to meld the sciences and humanities in the magnificent Salk Institute, and his pioneering work on AIDS. A vivid and intimate portrait, this will become the standard work on the remarkable life of Jonas Salk--

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Jonas Salk Oxford University Press is a department of the University of - photo 1
Jonas Salk

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It - photo 2

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.

Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto

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Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form, and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jacobs, Charlotte.

Jonas Salk : a life / Charlotte DeCroes Jacobs.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 9780199334414 (hardback)

ebook ISBN 9780199334438

1. Salk, Jonas, 19141995. 2. VirologistsUnited StatesBiography.

3. PoliomyelitisUnited StatesHistory. 4. PoliomyelitisVaccination United StatesHistory. 5. Poliomyelitis vaccineHistory.

6. Influenza vaccinesHistory. 7. AIDS vaccines. I. Title.

QR31.S25J33 2015

579.2092dc23

[B]

2014040267

1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

To my husband, Rod

Unless otherwise indicated, all quotations are taken from interviews conducted by the author between June 2004 and May 2013.

Contents
Jonas Salk
In Americas first major polio epidemic during the summer of 1916 a baby died - photo 3

In Americas first major polio epidemic, during the summer of 1916, a baby died approximately every two-and-a-half hours. Assuming polio behaved like other contagious diseases, the health commissioner ordered every family bearing a case quarantined. March of Dimes Foundation

During the great influenza epidemic of 1918 emergency hospitals were set up in - photo 4

During the great influenza epidemic of 1918, emergency hospitals were set up in auditoriums, gymnasiums, churches, and mansions. The carnage left 850,000 Americans dead, twenty million worldwide. Courtesy of Special Collections Department, Iowa State University Library

Dora and Daniel Salk with sons Herman Jonas and Lee Dora was a tough - photo 5

Dora and Daniel Salk with sons Herman, Jonas, and Lee. Dora was a tough taskmaster. Jonas inherited her work ethic and learned how to maneuver around her iron will, a skill that would help him later when confronted by the politics of science. Courtesy of the Family of Jonas Salk

Jonas had few fond memories of childhood By the time he entered high school - photo 6

Jonas had few fond memories of childhood. By the time he entered high school, he was a driven, focused, serious individual. Courtesy of the Family of Jonas Salk

Although Jonas aspired to be a high school big shot he was excluded from - photo 7

Although Jonas aspired to be a high school big shot, he was excluded from Arista, the elite student society. In the society of the chosen few, Jonas should have been chosen, too read the caption under his yearbook picture. Seth Poppel Yearbook Library/Townsend Harris High School Archives

When Jonas Salk spotted Donna Lindsay on the beach in Woods Hole - photo 8

When Jonas Salk spotted Donna Lindsay on the beach in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, he saw much to attract him. Initially Donna was not swept away by Jonas, but he resolved to marry her. She relinquished her career, raised their three sons, and stood by her husbands side during the polio vaccine saga. But she could not play the celebrity wife. Courtesy of the Family of Jonas Salk

A young girl confined to an iron lung For over fifty years no one could - photo 9

A young girl confined to an iron lung. For over fifty years, no one could predict where or when the next epidemic would strike. No one knew what it was, or how it spread, or why it had arrived to attack the youngest, most innocent, most precious part of the population. No one had any idea how to prevent its terrible toll. (A Paralyzing Fear: The Triumph Over Polio in America, 15). March of Dimes Foundation

Jonas Salk and Julius Youngner discussing polio vaccine safety test results - photo 10

Jonas Salk and Julius Youngner discussing polio vaccine safety test results. Youngner later complained that Salk not only failed to give him proper recognition but also took credit for one of his ideas. Jonas Salk Papers, Special Collections and Archives, UC San Diego

Jonas Salk with Basil OConnor the bold blunt domineering boss of the - photo 11

Jonas Salk with Basil OConnor, the bold, blunt, domineering boss of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP). In Doc, Salk said he had found a kindred soul. They would help each other realize their dreams and sustain each other through their darkest hours. Jonas Salk Papers, Special Collections and Archives, UC San Diego

Iron lung respirators and rocking beds at Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation - photo 12

Iron lung respirators and rocking beds at Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation Center in Hondo, CA. When epidemiologists forecast that 1952 would be a record year for polio, Jonas Salk told Harry Weaver, research director for the NFIP, that the time had come to test his vaccine in human subjects. March of Dimes Foundation

Salk inoculating a child with his polio vaccine He later told reporter John - photo 13
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