Milford - Savage Beauty The Life of Edna St. Vincent Millay

Zelda: A Biography

Copyright 2001 by Nancy Winston Milford

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American
Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by
Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada
by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto.

R ANDOM H OUSE and colophon are registered trademarks
of Random House, Inc.

Owing to limitations of space, acknowledgments of permission to quote
from unpublished materials and previously published materials will be
found following the Index.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Milford, Nancy.
Savage beauty : the life of Edna St. Vincent Millay / Nancy Milford.
p. cm.
eISBN: 978-1-58836-094-6
1. Millay, Edna St. Vincent, 18921950. 2. Poets, American20th centuryBiography.
3. Women and literatureUnited StatesHistory20th century. I. Title.
PS3525.I495 Z72 2001
811.52dc21
[B] 2001018598

Random House website address: www.atrandom.com

Frontispiece photo: Doris Ulmann

All interior photographs not otherwise credited are part of
the Steepletop Collection in the Library of Congress. All rights, including copyright,
to these photographs are owned by The Edna St. Vincent Millay Society,
and they are used with permission.

v3.1

For Nelly
and for my mother, Vivienne

I am waylaid by Beauty. Who will walk
Between me and the crying of the frogs?
Oh, savage Beauty, suffer me to pass,
That am a timid woman, on her way
From one house to another!

Edna St. Vincent Millay

I played a hunch in the winter of 1972. I drove up Route 22 to a farmhouse called Steepletop in the Taconic Hills of Austerlitz, New York, sat down in the kitchen of that house with Norma Millay, and told her I wanted to write about her sisters life. Both of us knew that any serious work about Edna St. Vincent Millay had been blocked for almost a quarter of a century. Norma was Ednas only heir, she controlled her estate, and she thought she might write what she called The Biography. But as we sat there eating and drinking and talking, it became more and more clear to me that I was going to write the biography of Edna Millay, that I would write it with her sisters help and permission, and that I would resist her influence as best I could. All right, she said, raising a tumbler of Dewars to mine as if it were a toast, Ive waited long enough. Its yours!

But that wasnt the hunch. It was that within the dining room, library, bedrooms, woodshed, and front hall files of Steepletop, beneath the damask tablecloth and under the piano benches there would be a collection of papers, letters, snapshots, notebooks, and drafts of poems that had not been destroyed or lost, as Norma sometimes hinted, that even if in disorder had been carefully kept. They would provide the fresh ground from which a life could be found and shaped.

During the summers of 1975, 1976, 1977, and 1978, I brought thousands of pieces of paper out of that farmhouse. I tried to make a list of what I was removing. This turned out to be difficult, for as I began to read among Edna Millays papers, Norma would stop me. She intended to read each piece of paper before I did and to hand it to me. In order, she said, to tell me what it meant. Or might mean. We sat crouched over a letter written in a cascade of inky curls from Georgia OKeeffe, postmarked Lake George but with the year smudged, telling Edna she wasnt ready to see her yet; or a scrap of paper from Edmund Wilson reminding her shed left her rings on his piano and imploring her to let him see her again before she left Greenwich Village for the Cape in the summer of 1920. Oh, poor Bunny, Norma said.

I made the list because I anticipated that at the very last minute, at the moment of removal from the grounds of Steepletop and therefore from Norma Millays control, she might balk. She did. We dickered. I reminded her we had an agreement drawn up by lawyers according to which she was obliged to release these papers to me so that I could begin to work. I told her she would receive a hefty percentage of whatever I earned after the books publication. I told her we were not adversaries and that I admired her caution. Then I handed her the list. She barely looked at it, waved her hand, and I drove off with the goods.

Was it my luck that this extraordinary collection was in no university library? Can luck strike twice? Just as no one had Zelda Fitzgeralds papers but her daughter, Scottie, who handed them to me in shopping bags, so no one had ever seen this collection. Except, of course, her sister. For who but a Norma Millay or a Lavinia Dickinson, the younger sister of Emily Dickinson, each of whom in her day was considered eccentric, neurotic, and difficult, if not downright ignorant, would have cared with such intensity to have cherished the past so carefully? And with such mixed motives?

To be a biographer is a somewhat peculiar endeavor. It seems to me it requires not only the tact, patience, and thoroughness of a scholar but the stamina of a horse. Virginia Woolf called it donkeyworkfor who but a domesticated ass would harness herself to what is recoverable of the past and call it A Life? Isnt there something curious, not to say questionable, about this appetite for other peoples mail, called Letters? What does it mean to be mulish in pursuit of someone elses life, to be charmed, beguiled even, by the past, if not held fast to it? It isnt true that it provides insulation from the present. On the contrary, it impinges upon it, for while it is from the terrain of my own life that I work and mine hers, biography is the true story of someone elses life, and not my own.

But certain livesthe rich, dim Shelley drama Henry James wrote about, the Fitzgeraldsare cautionary tales of high romance upon which entire generations feast. There is almost the same period of time, sixty years, give or take, between the Romantic movement and Jamess generation as there is between our own and the writers of the 1920s. It is our own past, it is just within reach, and Edna Millay is our lyric voice.

Edna St. Vincent Millay became the herald of the New Woman. She smoked in public when it was against the law for women to do so, she lived in Greenwich Village during the halcyon days of that starry bohemia, she slept with men and women and wrote about it in lyrics and sonnets that blazed with wit and a sexual daring that captivated the nation:

I shall forget you presently, my dear,
So make the most of this, your little day,
Your little month, your little half a year,
Ere I forget, or die, or move away,
And we are done forever; by and by
I shall forget you, as I said, but now
If you entreat me with your loveliest lie
I will protest you with my favourite vow.
I would indeed that love were longer-lived,
And oaths were not so brittle as they are,
But so it is, and nature has contrived
To struggle on without a break thus far,
Whether or not we find what we are seeking
Is idle, biologically speaking.

It wasnt only that she was the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize in poetry or that Thomas Hardy once said there were really only two great things in the United States, the skyscraper and the poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay. It was that when she published First Fig in June 1918, her cheeky quatrain ignited the imagination of a generation of American women: she gave them their rallying cry. A wild freedom edged with death.