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Queen of England Elizabeth I - Elizabeth: the Later years

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Queen of England Elizabeth I Elizabeth: the Later years

Elizabeth: the Later years: summary, description and annotation

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Introduction: A virgin queen -- A city in fear -- Crisis and betrayal -- Brave new world -- Armada of the soul -- No warrior queen -- A funeral and a wedding -- On the attack -- The visible queen -- The enemy within -- Catastrophe in France -- Good Queen Bess -- The quest for gold -- Conspiring against the queen -- Games of thrones -- A counter-armada -- One last chance -- Seeking dtente -- Opening new fronts -- Defying the queen -- I am Richard II -- The queens speech -- On a knifes edge -- The final vigil -- Epilogue

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Books by the same author include Henry VIII The Quest for Fame The Children - photo 1

Books by the same author include

Henry VIII: The Quest for Fame

The Children of Henry VIII

The Tudors: A Very Short Introduction (2nd edition)

Thomas Becket: Warrior, Priest, Rebel, Victim. A 900-Year-Old Story Retold

A Daughters Love: Thomas and Margaret More

My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots

The Tudor Monarchy

Tudor England

Contributor to

The Oxford History of Britain

The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain

The Short Oxford History of the British Isles: The Sixteenth Century

The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain

PENGUIN BOOKS An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC New York New York 10014 - photo 2

PENGUIN BOOKS

An imprint of Penguin Random House LLC

New York, New York 10014

penguin.com

First published in the United States of America by Viking Penguin, an imprint of Penguin Random House LLC, 2016

Published in Penguin Books 2017

Copyright 2016 by John Guy

Penguin supports copyright. Copyright fuels creativity, encourages diverse voices, promotes free speech, and creates a vibrant culture. Thank you for buying an authorized edition of this book and for complying with copyright laws by not reproducing, scanning, or distributing any part of it in any form without permission. You are supporting writers and allowing Penguin to continue to publish books for every reader.

Illustration credits appear .

Ebook ISBN 9781101609019

Cover design: Roseanne Serra

Cover art: Queen Elizabeth I, The Ermine Portrait, 1585 (oil on panel)/attrib. Nicholas Hilliard (15471619)/Hatfield House, Hertfordshire, UK/Bridgeman Images

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Authors Note Dates are given throughout this book in the Old Style Julian - photo 5
Authors Note Dates are given throughout this book in the Old Style Julian - photo 6
Authors Note Dates are given throughout this book in the Old Style Julian - photo 7
Authors Note

Dates are given throughout this book in the Old Style Julian Calendar in use in England during the sixteenth century, but the year is assumed to have begun on 1 January, not on Lady Day, or the Feast of the Annunciation (25 March), which then by custom was the first day of the calendar year. The New Style Gregorian Calendar, advancing the date by ten days, was issued in Rome in 1582 and adopted in Italy and by Philip II throughout Spain, Portugal and the New World in October that year. France followed in December, as did Brabant, Flanders, Holland and Zeeland in the Netherlands. The Catholic states of the Holy Roman Empire followed in 1583. England, Scotland, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden retained the old calendar until the 1700s, as did Friesland, Gelderland and Overijssel in the Netherlands. For obvious reasons of consistency, dates given in primary sources using the new Gregorian Calendar are converted to match the Julian Calendar used elsewhere.

Spelling and orthography of primary sources in quotations are for the most part given in modernized form. Modern punctuation and capitalization have also been provided where none exists in the original manuscript.

Units of currency appear in the pre-decimal form in use until 1971. There are twelve pence (12d.) in a shilling (modern 5 pence or US 8 cents), twenty shillings (20s.) in a pound (1 or US $1.60), and so on. Modern purchasing equivalents for sixteenth-century figures are extremely difficult to calculate, as the effects of inflation and huge fluctuations in the relative values of land and commodities render them misleading, but rough estimates may be obtained by multiplying all numbers by a thousand.

Preface

Elizabeth was born at Greenwich Palace shortly after three oclock on the afternoon of Sunday, 7 September 1533. The granddaughter of Henry VII, the Tudor dynastys founder, and daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she was the last of her fathers children to inherit the throne. After a run of chastening, sometimes terrifying experiences during her Catholic half-sister Mary Tudors reign, she was proclaimed queen by the heralds on the early morning of Thursday, 17 November 1558. Anointed and crowned in Westminster Abbey at the age of twenty-five, she ruled for forty-four years, longer than any of her adult predecessors apart from Edward III, a considerable achievement in itself.

With so many years to cover, Elizabeths biographers have tended to flag once she passed the age of fifty. Having established a pattern for the years of peace before the arrival of the Spanish Armada of 1588, they either skate over the years dominated by war or fall back on the convenient short cut of William Camdens monumental Annales (he wrote in Latin), completed in 1617 and published in two unequal instalments between 1615 and 1627. The book, now better known as The History of Elizabeth , is a mini-archive in itself. But it is a treacherous guide.

Despite Camdens claim to have written an unbiased history firmly rooted in the archives, a forensic comparison of his quotations with the original documents shows that he regularly doctored his sources to fit his theories. His account institutionalized a whole raft of hoary myths full of reverential nostalgia for the dead queen. To insulate her from criticism, he drew a veil over her vanity and her temper tantrums. Most conspicuously, he glided over topics that were still politically explosive when he was writing. Usually, this meant anything connected to the question of the succession and particularly to Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, whom, sensationally, Elizabeth had executed. Anxious not to offend the new king of England, Marys watchfully indolent son James I, whose re-interment of his mother in a spectacular marble tomb at Westminster Abbey was taking place even as the earliest draft of the Annales was approaching completion, Camden was also eager to protect the reputation of his former patron, Sir William Cecil, who had served Elizabeth faithfully (if in his own way) from the time she was barely sixteen.

Worse still, Camdens bestselling translator, the gunner and mathematician Robert Norton, barely an adult when Elizabeth died, cheerfully proceeded to bowdlerize the Annales while preparing the English version most commonly available today. Between 1630 and 1635, years during which Charles Is suitability to rule first began to be seriously challenged by critics of the monarchy, Norton inserted many spurious interpolations into his three English editions of Camdens text. With the barely cloaked intention of using Elizabeth as a stick with which to beat her Stuart successors, Norton spun fresh legends, chiefly concerning the (allegedly) spontaneous outpourings of love and devotion to Good Queen Bess: he has her devoted subjects running, flying, flocking to be blessed by the sight of her glorious countenance as oft as ever she came forth in public.

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