Barbara Mitchell - Mapmaker: Philip Turnor in Ruperts Land in the Age of Enlightenment

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2017 Barbara Mitchell

All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyrights hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any request for photocopying, recording, taping or placement in information storage and retrieval systems of any sort shall be directed in writing to Access Copyright.

Printed and bound in Canada at Friesens. The text of this book is printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper with earth-friendly vegetable-based inks.

Cover and text design: Duncan Campbell, University of Regina Press

Copy editor: Marionne Cronin

Proofreader: Kristine Douaud

Indexer: Sergey Lobachev, Brookfield Indexing Servicees

Cover art: Final pages in Turnors journal from his northward expedition, 179092 ( hbca , b.9/a/3) , and eighteenth-century surveyors field compass by George Adams, London ( Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, Harvard University , dw0687 ).

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Mitchell, Barbara, 1944-, author

Mapmaker : Philip Turnor in Rupert's Land in the Age of Enlightenment

/ Barbara Mitchell.

Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. isbn 978-0-88977-503-9 (hardcover).-- isbn 978-0-88977-504-6 ( pdf ). isbn 978-0-88977-505-3 ( html )

1. Turnor, Philip, 17521800. 2. Hudson's Bay CompanyEmployeesBiography. 3. SurveyorsCanadaBiography. 4. CartographersCanadaBiography. 5. ExplorersCanadaBiography. 6. Fur tradersCanadaBiography.
7. CanadaDiscovery and exploration. I. Title.

fc .1. t m 58 2017 971.03'092 c 2017-905003-6 c 2017-905004-4

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

University of Regina Press, University of Regina
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, s4s 0a2
tel: (306) 585-4758 fax: (306) 585-4699
web : www.uofrpress.ca

We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. We acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada. / Nous reconnaissons lappui financier du gouvernement du Canada. This publication was made possible with support from Creative Saskatchewans Creative Industries Production Grant Program.

In honour of my Cree, English, and Orkney ancestors, the Turnor, Harper, Loutit, and Goff families,

&

especially for Orm, who travelled with me on my journey of discovery

Contents

Authors Note

My intent in this first full-length biography of Philip Turnor is to tell his story as truthfully and as compellingly as possible. To do so, I have chosen two narrative voices. The primary voice is that of the biographer, narrating Turnors story based on the historical recordparticularly journals, maps, and correspondence. When, on occasion, I have dramatized a scene, it is prompted by Turnors own dramatic telling of events as found in his journals and duly noted in the endnotes.

A secondary narrative line is written in my personal voice. Introduced as journal one, journal two , etc., these sections are set off with a dotted line in the margin, and they begin and end with a decorative ornament. These diary-like journals, placed throughout the book, allowed me the latitude to imagine Turnors interior life, to speculate, to speak about the biographic process, and to make history personal.

Regarding terminology, I want to note that in Philip Turnors time, the word Indian was the common term used to refer to the original peoples of the lands that we now know as Canada. Respecting the more preferred and accurate naming practices of today, I have used this word only when quoting primary material. Where possible I have provided the names of Indigenous individuals.

Similarly, the female partner of a fur trader was called by the French and English traders a country wife and the ceremony by which she became his country wife as marriage la fa on du pays. These women were seldom named in fur trade documents, and my four-times-great-grandmothers name remains unknown to us. I will refer to her as Turnors Cree wife.

Map 1. West of Hudson Bay and the Arctic Shores. Adapted from Ruggles (1991).

Map 2. The Nelson and Churchill River Systems. Adapted from Ruggles (1991).

Map 3. Between Lake Superior and James Bay. Adapted from Ruggles (1991).

Plate 1. A Ground Plan of York Fort, 1778

Plate 2. A CHART of Rivers and Lakes Falling into HUDSONS BAY , 1778 & 79

Plate 3. A Chart of Rivers and Lakes between Albany Fort and Gloucester House, 1780

Plate 4. Chart of part of Hudsons Bay and Rivers, 1782-83

Plate 5. A Chart of Rivers and Lakes above York Fort And of Rivers and Lakes above Churchill Fort, 1787-88

Plate 6. Chart of Lakes and Rivers in North America, 1792

Plate 7. Cartouche for Turnors 1794 map

Plate 8. Author viewing Turnors 1794 map for the first time.

Prologue

Discovery, 24 October 1992

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