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Caroline Moorehead - A House in the Mountains : The Women Who Liberated Italy from Fascism

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Caroline Moorehead A House in the Mountains : The Women Who Liberated Italy from Fascism
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In the late summer of 1943, when Italy broke with the Germans and joined the Allies after suffering catastrophic military losses, an Italian Resistance was born. Four young Piedmontese womenAda, Frida, Silvia and Biancaliving secretly in the mountains surrounding Turin, risked their lives to overthrow Italys authoritarian government. They were among the thousands of Italians who joined the Partisan effort to help the Allies liberate their country from the German invaders and their Fascist collaborators. What made this partisan war all the more extraordinary was the number of womenlike this brave quartetwho swelled its ranks.The bloody civil war that ensued pitted neighbor against neighbor, and revealed the best and worst in Italian society. The courage shown by the partisans was exemplary, and eventually bound them together into a coherent fighting force. But the death rattle of Mussolinis two decades of Fascist rulewith its corruption, greed, and anti-Semitismwas unrelentingly violent and brutal.Drawing on a rich cache of previously untranslated sources, prize-winning historian Caroline Moorehead illuminates the experiences of Ada, Frida, Silvia, and Bianca to tell the little-known story of the women of the Italian partisan movement fighting for freedom against fascism in all its forms, while Europe collapsed in smoldering ruins around them.

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Daisy Heath CAROLINE MOOREHEAD is the author of the international bestsellers - photo 1
Daisy Heath CAROLINE MOOREHEAD is the author of the international bestsellers - photo 2

Daisy Heath

CAROLINE MOOREHEAD is the author of the international bestsellers A Train in Winter, A Bold and Dangerous Family and Village of Secrets, nominated for the Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction. Caroline Moorehead is also the biographer of Bertrand Russell, Freya Stark, Iris Origo and Martha Gellhorn. She lives in London, UK.

BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Fortunes Hostages

Sidney Bernstein: A Biography

Freya Stark: A Biography

Over the Rim of the World: The Letters of Freya Stark (ed.)

Troublesome People

Betrayed: Children in Todays World (ed.)

Bertrand Russell: A Life

The Lost Treasures of Troy

Dunants Dream: War, Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross

Iris Origo: Marchesa of Val dOrcia

Martha Gellhorn: A Life

Human Cargo: A Journey Among Refugees

The Letters of Martha Gellhorn (ed.)

Dancing to the Precipice: Lucie de la Tour du Pin and the French Revolution

A Train in Winter: A Story of Resistance, Friendship and Survival

Village of Secrets: Defying the Nazis in Vichy France

A Bold and Dangerous Family: The Rossellis and the Fight Against Mussolini

PUBLISHED BY RANDOM HOUSE CANADA Copyright 2019 Caroline Moorehead All rights - photo 3

PUBLISHED BY RANDOM HOUSE CANADA

Copyright 2019 Caroline Moorehead

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer, who may quote brief passages in a review. Published in 2020 by Random House Canada, a division of Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in the United Kingdom by Chatto & Windus, an imprint of Vintage, part of the Penguin Random House group of companies, London in 2019. Distributed in Canada by Penguin Random House Canada Limited, Toronto.

www.penguinrandomhouse.ca

Random House Canada and colophon are registered trademarks.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: A house in the mountains : the women who liberated Italy from fascism / Caroline Moorehead.

Names: Moorehead, Caroline, author.

Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190159855 | Canadiana (ebook) 2019015991X | ISBN 9780735279728 (softcover) | ISBN 9780735279735 (HTML)

Subjects: LCSH: WomenItalyBiography. | LCSH: Women political activistsItalyBiography. | LCSH: Women soldiersItalyBiography. | LCSH: Anti-fascist movementsItalyHistory20th century. | LCSH: Women and warItalyHistory20th century. | LCSH: Women in warItalyHistory20th century. | LCSH: Women political activistsItalyHistory20th century. | LCSH: ItalyHistoryAllied occupation, 1943-1947. | LCSH: ItalyHistoryGerman occupation, 1943-1945.

Classification: LCC DG574 .M66 2020 | DDC 945.091092/52dc23

Cover (front): antifascist women, Milan, 1945 SZ Photo/amw/Bridgeman Images, (back): Italian Alps courtesy of Dorling Kindersley/Alamy Stock Photo

v54 a For Stella The hour to resist had arrived the hour to be men to die - photo 4

v5.4

a

For Stella

The hour to resist had arrived; the hour to be men to die like men and to live like men.

Pietro Calamandrei, Uomini e citt della Resistenza, 1955

We women must now give everything to saving our homeland, our life, our bread. We too must not hesitate. We will show with our actions that we too are capable of every sacrifice.

Gruppi di difesa della donna e per lassistenza ai combattenti della libert, July 1944

Contents
Principal Characters

The four women friends

Ada Gobetti, widow of Piero Gobetti and mother of Paolo

Bianca Guidetti Serra, law graduate, companion of Alberto Salmoni

Silvia Pons, doctor, companion of Giorgio Diena and mother of Vittorio

Frida Malan, graduate in literature and sister of Roberto and Gustavo

The staffette

Lisetta Giua, engaged to Vittorio Foa

Lucia Boetta, guide to visiting dignatories

Matilde di Pietrantonio, renowned for kidnapping German officers

Gigliola Spinelli, procurer of weapons

Their Jewish friends

Primo Levi and his sister Anna Maria

Vanda Maestra

Luciana Nissim

Alberto Salmoni

Emanuele Artom

Vittorio Foa

Giorgio, Marisa and Paolo Diena

The partisans

Giorgio Agosti, a Turin magistrate

Dante Livio Bianco, a Turin lawyer, and his staffetta wife Pinella

Willy Jervis, liaison with the Allies, and his wife Lucilla

Ettore Marchesini, engineer and Adas husband

General Perotti, head of the northern Committee of National Liberation

Ferruccio Parri, head of the military wing of the Partito dAzione

Don Foglia, known as Don Dinamite

Giulio Bolaffi, commander of the Stellina Brigade

Tancredi Galimberti, partisan commander, known as Duccio

The Fascists

Giuseppe Solaro, party secretary in Turin

Valerio Paolo Zerbino, prefect in Turin

Guido Buffarini Guidi, Minister for the Interior in the Sal republic

Renato Ricci, head of the militia in the Sal republic

Alessandro Pavolini, head of the new Partito Fascista Repubblicano

Chronology

1943

10 July17 August

Allied landings and conquest of Sicily.

25 July

Mussolini deposed, arrested and replaced by Marshal Badoglio. The war continues on the German side.

3 September

Italians sign armistice with Allies, made public on 8 September.

9 September

Allies land in Salerno. Germans begin occupation of Italy. Italys anti-Semitic laws of 1938 enforced.

Ada Gobetti starts her war diary.

12 September

Mussolini is rescued from the Gran Sasso by German commandos.

23 September

The new Italian Social Republic is established at Sal with Mussolini at its head.

Anti-Fascist leaders form clandestine Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (Committee of National Liberation) in Rome. There are now three Italian governments: Badoglios, the Roman CLN, and Mussolinis in Sal; and two armies, the German and the Allied.

15 November

First congress of the newly constituted Fascist Party held in Verona. Jews declared enemies of the state. Arrests by Fascists and Germans get underway.

As do orders for the draft of young men for Sals army, and for workers for the German war industry.

The Allied Control Commission set up in the liberated south.

November

Gruppi di difesa della donna e per lassistenza ai combattenti della libert Groups for the protection of women and assistance to fighters for freedom (GDD) set up.

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