American First Ladies
AMERICAN FIRST LADIES
Their Lives and Their Legacy
edited by LEWIS L. GOULD
First published 1996 by Garland Publishing, Inc.
This edition first published in 2021 by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1996 Lewis L. Gould
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademark, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
American first ladies : their lives and their legacy / [edited by] Lewis L. Gould. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8153-1479-5 (alk. paper) 1. Presidents' spousesUnited States. I. Gould, Lewis L. E176.2.A44 1996 973'.082dc20
95-45052 CIP
Cover design by Lawrence Wolfson Design, New York.
ISBN 13: 978-1-03-216516-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-03-216663-6 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-00-324897-2 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003248972
Contents
Lewis L. Gould
Patricia Brady
Abigail Adams
Phyllis Lee Levin
Dolley Madison
Holly Cowan Shulman
Elizabeth Monroe
Julie K. Fix
Louisa Adams
Lynn Hudson Parsons
Anna Harrison
Nancy Beck Young
Letitia Tyler
Melba Porter Hay
Julia Tyler
Melba Porter Hay
Sarah Polk
Jayne Crumpler DeFiore
Margaret Taylor
Thomas H. Appleton Jr.
Abigail Fillmore
Kristin Hoganson
Jane Pierce
Debbie Mauldin Cottrell
Mary Todd Lincoln
Jean H. Baker
Eliza Johnson
Nancy Beck Young
Julia Grant
John Y. Simon
Lucy Webb Hayes
Olive Hoogenboom
Lucretia Garfield
Allan Peskin
Frances Folsom Cleveland
Sue Severn
Caroline Scott Harrison
Charles W. Calhoun
Ida Saxton McKinley
John J. Leffler
Edith Kermit Roosevelt
Stacy A. Cordery
Helen Herron Taft
Stacy A. Cordery
Ellen Axson Wilson
Shelley Sallee
Edith Bolling Wilson
Lewis L. Gould
Florence Kling Harding
Carl Sferrazza Anthony
Grace Goodhue Coolidge
Kiistie Miller
Lou Henry Hoover
Debbie Mauldin Cottrell
Eleanor Roosevelt
Allida M. Black
Bess Truman
Maurine H. Beasley
Mamie Eisenhower
Martin M. Teasley
Jacqueline Kennedy
Betty Boyd Caroli
Lady Bird Johnson
Lewis L. Gould
Patricia Nixon
Carl Sferrazza Anthony
Betty Ford
John Pope
Rosalynn Carter
Kathy B. Smith
Nancy Reagan
James G. Benze Jr.
Barbara Bush
Myra Gutin
Hillary Rodham Clinton
Lewis L. Gould
- Abigail Adams
- Dolley Madison
- Elizabeth Monroe
- Louisa Adams
- Anna Harrison
- Letitia Tyler
- Julia Tyler
- Sarah Polk
- Margaret Taylor
- Abigail Fillmore
- Jane Pierce
- Mary Todd Lincoln
- Eliza Johnson
- Julia Grant
- Lucy Webb Hayes
- Lucretia Garfield
- Frances Folsom Cleveland
- Caroline Scott Harrison
- Ida Saxton McKinley
- Edith Kermit Roosevelt
- Helen Herron Taft
- Ellen Axson Wilson
- Edith Bolling Wilson
- Florence Kling Harding
- Grace Goodhue Coolidge
- Lou Henry Hoover
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Bess Truman
- Mamie Eisenhower
- Jacqueline Kennedy
- Lady Bird Johnson
- Patricia Nixon
- Betty Ford
- Rosalynn Carter
- Nancy Reagan
- Barbara Bush
- Hillary Rodham Clinton
Guide
Acknowledgments
Christopher Collins of Garland first asked me to embark on this project and was a source of encouragement throughout its early stages. Dr. Phyllis Korper of Garland saw the book through to completion. All of the contributors worked hard to make the book a success, but I owe special thanks to Thomas H. Appleton Jr., Stacy Cordery, Kristie Miller, and Nancy Beck Young for their individual efforts in the book's behalf. Lisa Caputo of Mrs. Hillary Rodham Clinton's staff offered valuable criticisms of the essay on Mrs. Clinton. However, the responsibility for the final version of that essay is mine alone.
The staffs of the Center for American History at the University of Texas at Austin, the Jimmy Carter Library, the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, the Gerald R. Ford Library, the Herbert Hoover Library, the Nixon Presidential Papers Project at the National Archives, the James K. Polk Birthplace, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, and the Harry S. Truman Library were most helpful in supplying photographs. The White House furnished the photograph of Hillary Rodham Clinton. The First Ladies Polls are included courtesy of the Siena Research Institute, Siena College, Loudonville, New York, which retains full rights to publication and reproduction of these poll results in the future.
Karen Gould was a constant source of support and care throughout the process of editing this volume.
Lewis L. Gould Austin, Texas
The First Lady as Symbol and Institution
Since the early 1980s historians, journalists, and popular writers have devoted serious attention to the role of the wife of the president of the United States in national politics and cultural life. Earlier there had been individual works that considered the place of the First Lady in American history, including Marianne Means, The Woman in the White House (1963), and Sol Barzman, The First Ladies (1970). These and other books on the First Ladies, however, drew only rarely on personal papers and original documents. For the most part they were selective and anecdotal as well.
During the past decade and a half numerous studies of the First Lady have attempted to identify the impact of these women on American history. Authors such as Betty Boyd Caroli, First Ladies (1986), Myra Gutin, The President's Partner: The First Lady in the Twentieth Century (1989), and Carl Sferrazza Anthony, First Ladies (2 vols., 19901991) have scrutinized the institution based on extensive research into primary sources. Simultaneously, college courses on the First Lady have been offered, symposia have brought together former First Ladies to discuss their legacy, and scholarly panels have been held to measure the significance of presidential wives. By the early 1990s the outlines of a distinct research area devoted to First Ladies had emerged where history, political science, and women's studies intersected.