Kwasi Konadu - Many Black Women of this Fortress: Graça, Mónica and Adwoa, Three Enslaved Women of Portugals African Empire
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While some women liaised with European and mixed-race men along the West African coast, others, ordinary yet bold, pushed back against new forms of captivity, racial capitalism, religious orthodoxy and sexual violence, as if they were already self-governing. Many Black Women of this Fortress lays bare the insurgent ideas and actions of Graa, Mnica and Adwoa, charting how they advocated for themselves and exercised spiritual and female power. Theirs is a collective story, written from obscurity; from the forgotten and overlooked colonial records. By drawing attention to their lives, we dare to grasp the complexities of modernitys gestation.
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MANY BLACK WOMEN OF THIS FORTRESS
KWASI KONADU
Many Black Women
of this Fortress
Graa, Mnica and Adwoa,
Three Enslaved Women of
Portugals African Empire
HURST & COMPANY, LONDON
First published in the United Kingdom in 2022 by
C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.,
New Wing, Somerset House, Strand, London, WC2R 1LA
Kwasi Konadu, 2022
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United Kingdom
Distributed in the United States, Canada and Latin America by Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
The right of Kwasi Konadu to be identified as the author of this publication is asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.
A Cataloguing-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781787386976
This book is printed using paper from registered sustainable and managed sources.
www.hurstpublishers.com
1. Akan brass-pan shrine (left) and kuduo (brass vessel) used for divination, c. 1679. (Jean Barbot, Barbot on Guinea: The Writings of Jean Barbot on West Africa 1678-1712 , eds, Paul Hair, Adam Jones and Robin Law [London: Hakluyt Society, 1992], 2: plate 74, facing p. 580).
2. Three Gold Coast Women, c. 1688. (Jean Barbot, Description des Cte dAfrique , Vol. II., UK NA: PRO, ADM 7/830B, p. 43) [public domain].
3. Lisbon, c. 1572. (Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg, Civitates orbis terrarium , British Library, maps C.7.d.1, vol. 1 (1572), pl. 1]). [public domain].
4. Folio from Graas trial dossier. (ANTT, Tribunal do Santo Ofcio, Inquisio de Lisboa, processo 11041).
5. Convent of Santa Clara. (Wikimedia Commons [ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_Vila_do_Conde_(16).jpg ]).
6. Pombaline Baixa, Lisbon, rebuilding plan after the 1755 earthquake by architects Eugnio dos Santos Carvalho and Carlos Mardel ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Baixa#/media/File:Pombaline_Baixa_Lisbon_map_1756.jpg .)
7. So Jorge da Mina and Adena, c. 1572. (Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg, Civitates orbis terrarium , British Library, maps C.7.d.1, vol. 1 (1572), pl. 54]).
8. Inside the courtyard of Elmina. (formerly So Jorge da Mina) fortress today. (Photogaphy Kwasi Konadu).
9. The ruler of Fetu, a spiritualist healer, and a warrior accompanied by court musicians. (Amsterdam Museum. http://hdl.handle.net/11259/collection.41785 ).
10. Portuguese fort St. Antnio near Akyem (Axim). (Leiden University Libraries. http://hdl.handle.net/1887.1/item:783787 .
It was my choice. It was my life and I didnt have to live it like that. But that was what life offered me in the way of being a woman and I took it. I grabbed hold of it with both hands.
Rose Maxson, in August Wilsons Fences
1. Map of West Africa and the Mina Coast, featuring So Jorge da Mina, c. 1560. (ANTT, Coleco Cartogrfica, no. 166, Livro de Marinharia, de Joo de Lisboa, 1560).
2. Portuguese map of West Africa, c. 1563. Mina refers to the region and to So Jorge da Mina. (Nautical Chart of Portuguese Cartographer Lzaro Lus, 1563, archived at the Academia das Cincias de Lisboa. Photograph by Joaquim Alves Gaspar, March 2008).
3. Lisbon and the places mentioned in the book. (Commissioned by author).
4. Map of So Jorge da Mina, the Benya River, and nearby settlements, c. 1665. (Wikimedia Commons).
5. Sea route between Portugal and the Mina (Gold) Coast.
6. Mina (Gold) Coast.
We will therefore not write about that which is unknown to us.
Duarte P. Pereira, navigator and fortress captain
hho ani aksekse, nanso mfa nhu hwee.
Though the strangers eyes may be big, s/he does not use them to see anything.
WITH CLERICS OF THE Inquisition passing judgment, Portugals king watching the condemned from his seat on high, and the global city of Lisbon buzzing with foreigners, this elderly African womans presence in the Portuguese capital might have represented the defiance of empire, if only slightly obscured by that of other human cargo, naked and soaked with humidity and half-sobs. Her and their presence was more the parading of captive souls, condemned to the travails of the Inquisition. She had already been baptized, in name and by the voyage that exiled her from African lands of gold, a fate shared by captives pillaged from other African territories, who together accounted for a sixth of Lisbons total population. Convicted and dumped into a murky medieval jail cell, Graa, the elegant one, awaited trial for crimes against the faith, embodied in the Catholic Church, the nerve center of Portugals empire. Meanwhile, the captive Africans whom Graa passed en route to the ecclesiastical prison awaited the enslaving rites she had experienced decades earlier: at the altar of sale and baptism, their subservience and subhumanity yielded to the empire of God. As one theologian reasoned, god chose Portugal for his own empire. Sitting in her dungeon cell, with her male inquisitors occupying the top floor of the Gothic building, Graa was the kings slave in status. But in her own skin and in her lived experiences, she belonged to a people and a place far from Lisbon, to polities and villagers that endorsed her beliefs and that made a seventy-year-old enslaved woman a threat to a global maritime empire.
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