Alexander V. Pantsov - Mao: The Real Story

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ALSO BY ALEXANDER V. PANTSOV

T HE B OLSHEVIKS AND THE C HINESE R EVOLUTION , 19191927

ALSO BY STEVEN I. LEVINE

A NVIL OF V ICTORY : T HE C OMMUNIST R EVOLUTION IN M ANCHURIA , 19451948

C HINAS B ITTER V ICTORY : T HE W AR WITH J APAN , 19371945

( CO-EDITOR WITH J AMES C. H SIUNG )

A MERICAS W ARS IN A SIA : A C ULTURAL A PPROACH TO H ISTORY AND M EMORY

( CO-EDITOR WITH P HILIP W EST AND J ACKIE H ILTZ )

A RC OF EMPI RE : A MERICAS W ARS IN A SIA FROM THE P HILIPPINES TO V IETNAM

( WITH M ICHAEL H. H UNT )

To the memory of my grandfather,

Georgii Borisovich Ehrenburg (19021967),

A Russian Sinologist,

One of the first biographers of Mao Zedong,

And the author whose works inspired me greatly

A LEXANDER V. P ANTSOV

Bo Gu (real name: Qin Bangxian) (19071946). General secretary of CCP Central Committee, 193135. One of Maos main antagonists.

Bo Yibo (19082007). Chinas finance minister, 194953. Deputy premier, 195675.

Borodin, Mikhail Markovich (alias Bao Luoting, Bao guwen; real surname: Gruzenberg) (18841951). Main political adviser to Guomindang Central Executive Committee and Comintern representative in China, 192327.

Braun, Otto (alias K. O. Wagner) (18721955). Military adviser to CCP Central Committee, 193235. Maos opponent.

Brezhnev, Leonid Ilich (19061982). First (general) secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, 196482.

Bukharin, Nikolai Ivanovich (18881938). Soviet Communist Party Central Committee Politburo member, 192429. Member of Presidium of Comintern, 191929.

Cai Hesen (alias Cailin Bin; real name: Cailin Hexian) (18951931). Maos close friend. Member of CCP Central Executive Committee, 192728, and Politburo, 1931.

Chen Boda (19041989). Maos secretary, 193958. Head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, 1966. Arrested, 1970, and imprisoned.

Chen Duxiu (alias T. S. Chen, Tu-siu Chen, the Old Man) (18791942). Founder of the Chinese communist movement, leader of CCP, 192127.

Chen Yi (19011972). Joined communist movement in 1922. Deputy premier, 195472. Foreign minister, 195872. PLA marshal from 1955. Opposed Cultural Revolution, February 1967.

Chen Yun (real name: Liao Chenyun) (19051995). Joined communist movement in 1925. Deputy premier, 195475, 197980. Economic specialist.

Chen Zaidao (19091993). Commander of Wuhan and Hubei military districts, 195567.

Chiang Kai-shek (18871975). Commander in chief of Guomindang National Revolutionary Army from 1926. Head of Guomindang regime from 1928.

Deng Xiaoping (alias Deng Xixian; real name: Deng Xiansheng) (19041997). Deputy premier, 195268, 197376, 197780. Central Committee general secretary, 195666. Purged in Cultural Revolution, but returned to power in 1978 and reversed Maos policies.

Deng Zhongxia (alias Deng Kang) (18941933). One of the first Chinese communists. Labor movement organizer.

Deng Zihui (18961972). Head of CCP Central Committee Rural Work Department, 195362. Deputy premier, 195465.

Dimitrov, Georgii (alias G. M.) (18821949). General secretary of Comintern Executive Committee, 193543.

Ehrenburg, Georgii Borisovich (19021967). Soviet Sinologist. Author of the first biographic sketch of Mao Zedong, 1934.

Engels, Friedrich (18201895). Cofounder of Marxism.

Ewert, Arthur Ernst (alias Harry Berger, Jim, Arthur) (18901959). Comintern representative in China, 193234.

Gao Gang (19051954). Chairman of Northeast regional government, 194952. Deputy premier, 194954. Head of State Planning Commission, 195254. Expelled from CCP, 1955.

Gromyko, Andrei Andreevich (19091989). Soviet foreign minister, 195785.

He Long (18961969). An organizer of Nanchang Uprising, 1927. Deputy premier, 195469. PLA marshal from 1955.

He Shuheng (alias Bewhiskered He) (18761935). Maos friend. Cofounder of the Hunan communist movement and CCP, 1921.

He Zizhen (alias Guiyuan, Wen Yun) (19091984). Maos third wife.

Hu Shi (18911962). Chinese liberal philosopher.

Hua Guofeng (19212008). Maos successor, 1976.

Jiang Qing (alias Li Yunhe, Lan Ping, Marianna Yusupova; real name: Li Shumeng) (19141991). Maos fourth wife. Head of the Central Cultural Revolution Group from 1966. Member of the extreme leftist Gang of Four. Arrested, 1976, and imprisoned.

Kai Feng (19061955). Secretary of Communist Youth League Bureau, 193235. Maos opponent during Zunyi Conference, 1935.

Kang Sheng (alias Zhao Yun; real name Zhang Zongke) (18981975). Maos chief spymaster.

Kang Youwei (18581927). Chinese philosopher and politician, constitutional monarchist.

Karakhan, Lev Mikhailovich (18891937). Soviet ambassador to China, 192326.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich (18941971). First secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, 195364. Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, 195864.

Kim Il Sung (19121994). North Koreas premier, 194872, and president, 197094. Head of the Korean Workers Party, 194994.

Kissinger, Henry A. (b. 1923). U.S. national security advisor, 196975. Secretary of state, 197377.

Kosygin, Alexei Nikolaevich (19041980). Chairman of the Soviet Council of Ministers, 196480.

Kovalev, Ivan Vladimirovich (19011993). Stalins representative in China, 194850.

Kuai Dafu (b. 1945). Red Guard leader at Tsinghua University, 196668.

Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (18701924). Leader of the Russian Socialist Revolution, 1917. Head of the Russian Bolshevik party, 190324.

Li Da (18901966). Cofounder of CCP, 1921.

Li Dazhao (alias T. C. Li, Ta-chao Li) (18891927). Chief librarian at Peking University from 1918. One of the first Chinese communists. Member of CCP Central Executive Committee, 192227.

Li Fuchun (19001975). Deputy premier and head of State Planning Commission from 1954. Politburo member, 195669. Opposed Cultural Revolution, February 1967.

Li Hanjun (18901927). Cofounder of CCP, 1921.

Li Lisan (real name: Li Longzhi) (18991967). An organizer of the Chinese labor movement from 1921. De facto head of CCP, 192830. Instigated the so-called Li Lisan adventurist line, 1930.

Li Min (aka Jiaojiao, Tanya Chao Chao) (b. 1937). Maos eighth child, a daughter from He Zizhen.

Li Na (b. 1940). Maos tenth child, a daughter from Jiang Qing.

Li Shaojiu (19031935). A Red Army commissar and Maos loyalist. Organized the purge of party and army cadres in Futian, Jiangxi province, December 1930.

Li Weihan (alias Luo Mai, Luo Man) (18961984). Member of Renovation of the People Study Society, 191819. Head of CCP Central Committee United Front Department, 194864.

Liang Qichao (18731929). Chinese philosopher and politician, constitutional monarchist.

Lin Biao (alias Li Ting) (19071971). PLA marshal from 1955. Chinas minister of defense, 195971. Maos designated successor, 196971. Tried to escape to the Soviet Union but died in a plane crash, September 1971.

Lin Liguo (alias Laohu) (19461971). Lin Biaos son. Tried to escape to the Soviet Union but died in a plane crash, September 1971.

Lin Liheng (alias Doudou) (b. 1944). Lin Biaos daughter.

Liu Shaoqi (alias Liu Weihuang) (18981969). A leading Chinese communist. Deputy Chairman of CCP Central Committee, 195666; Chairman of the PRC, 195968; and Maos designated successor, 196166. Main victim of the Cultural Revolution.