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Stephen Chambers - Anzac - The Landing: Gallipoli

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Stephen Chambers Anzac - The Landing: Gallipoli
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The Anzac legend was born on the shores of Gallipoli during the historic morning of 25th April 1915. Landing on a hostile beach, under the cover of darkness, the Anzacs moved inland rapidly, but the response of the Ottoman forces was equally quick. The outcome of the campaign was arguably sealed during the first day, when the door for an Anzac victory was closed.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to a number of individuals and organisations that have helped in the writing of this book. I am hugely indebted to Patrick Gariepy who has again been of great help with biographical details of Gallipoli casualties, Julian Pitt for permission to quote from his grandfathers diary and Bruce Denny for information on his grandfather, Major David Grant. I would also like to thank John Meyers for permission to quote from the Tiegs diary, State Library of South Australia for permission to quote from Jack Jensens letter, Alexander Turnbull Library in New Zealand for permission to quote from the Malone and Bollinger diaries and the Mitchell Library of NSW for permission to use quotes from the Silas diary. I would also like to thank Chris Newbery and Matthew Little of the Royal Marines Museum for permission to use their archives and to quote from the diaries of Oppenheim and Pare, and John Peters for supplying photographs of the cemeteries as they were in the 1920s. And as always the staff at the National Archives, Australian War Memorial, Imperial War Museum and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, all who have been of immense help. In Turkey, I would like to thank Erol Baycan and his wife for always providing great hospitality and a wonderful base to work from when in Gallipoli, and both Eric Goossens and William Sellers, both of whom are never-ending fountains of knowledge and beer. As always thanks is due to Nigel Cave, Series Editor, who has helped and inspired along the way. To all these people and any I have mistakenly forgotten to mention, please accept my sincere apologies and thanks.

This book would not have been possible to write without contemporary material: war diaries, divisional, regimental, battalion and unit histories and the excellent Official History of Australia in the Great War by C.E.W. Bean. Charles Bean was an official war correspondent who landed with the Anzacs on 25 April 1915. From first hand experience, the interviewing of veterans and examination of documents he managed to construct a meticulous record of what happened. I have referenced many personal accounts in the form of letters and diaries as well as a large assortment of maps and photographs, many having never been published before. The originators of these must all be thanked, because without this material there would be no book. Any copyright holders I have not been able to trace, please accept my sincere apologies, and feel free to contact me if you feel it necessary. I have sought to tell the story of Anzac during its first days of the landing using this wealth of information, but unfortunately, due to the limited space available, please be assured that the omission of any unit, key individual or event does in no way suggest that its part at Anzac had little or no significance.

Appendix I
Order of Battle Anzac 25-27 April 1915

Mediterranean Expeditionary Force

Commander in Chief: General Sir Ian Hamilton

Note: The MEF comprised five Divisions, the other three were involved in landing operations at Cape Helles, Kum Kale and the Gulf of Saros.

Australian & New Zealand Army Corps

G.O.C. Lieutenant General Sir W.R. Birdwood KCSI, BGGS

1st Australian Division

Major General W.T. Bridges CMG

1 Brigade (New South Wales) Colonel H.N. MacLaurin BM

1/AIF (New South Wales) Lt Col. L. Dobbin
2/AIF (New South Wales) Lt Col. G.F. Braund VD
3/AIF (New South Wales) Lt Col. R.H. Owen
4/AIF (New South Wales) Lt Col. A.J.O. Thompson

2 Brigade (Victoria) Colonel J.W. McCay VD, BM

5/AIF (Victoria) Lt Col. D.S. Wanliss
6/AIF (Victoria) Lt Col. W.R. McNicoll
7/AIF (Victoria) Lt Col. H.E. Pompey Elliott DCM
8/AIF (Victoria) Lt Col. W. Bolton VD

3 Brigade (Covering Force) Colonel E. Sinclair-MacLagan DSO, BM

9/AIF (Queensland) Lt Col. H.W. Lee VD
10/AIF (South Australia) Lt Col. S.P. Weir VD
11/AIF (Western Australia) Lt Col. J.L. Johnson
12/AIF (SA, WA & Tasmania) Lt Col. L.F. Clarke DSO, VD

Artillery Colonel J.J. T. Hobbs VD

2 Field Artillery Brigade (Victoria) Lt Col. G.J. Johnston

3 Field Artillery Brigade (Queensland) Lt Col. C. Rosenthal Attached: 7 Indian Mountain Artillery Brigade

Note: 1 Field Artillery Brigade (NSW) not landed at Anzac

Engineers (1, 2 & 3 Field Company) Major G.C.E. Elliot

Signal Coy Major H.L. Hackworth DSO

Medical Col. W.D.C. Williams CMG

1 Australian Field Ambulance (NSW) Lt Col. B.J. Newmarch VD
2 Australian Field Ambulance (Victoria) Lt Col. A.H. Sturdee VD
3 Australian Field Ambulances (Outer States) Lt Col. A. Sutton

Australian and New Zealand Division

Major General Sir A. Godley KCMG, CB

Note: For this operation the Division comprised only two Brigades

4 Brigade Colonel J. Monash VD, BM

13/AIF (New South Wales) Lt Col. G.J. Burnage VD
14/AIF (Victoria) Lt Col. R.E. Courtney VD
15/AIF (Queensland & Tasmania) Lt Col. J.H. Cannan
16/AIF (S & W Australian) Lt-Col H. Pope

NZ Brigade Brigadier General H.B. Walker

Auckland Battalion Lt Col. A. Plugge
Canterbury Battalion Lt Col. D.M. Stewart
Otago Battalion Lt Col. A. Moore
Wellington Battalion Lt Col. W.G. Malone

Artillery - Three batteries: (No.1 and No.2 Field Artillery Batteries and the NZ Howitzer Battery)

Engineers (NZ Field Company)

Medical (4 Australian Field Ambulance & NZ Field Ambulance)

Order of Battle Turkish

Fifth Ottoman Army

Commander in Chief: General Otto Liman von Sanders

Note: Comprised two Corps, a Cavalry Brigade and six Divisions. Only the following were active at Anzac during 25-27 April 1915. This breakdown does not include artillery, engineers, medical and other ancillary units.

III Corps

G.O.C. Brigadier General Essad Pasha

9th Division

Colonel Halil Sami Bey

Note: 25th and 26th Regiments were engaged at Cape Helles

27th Regiment Lieutenant Colonel Sefik Aker Bey

1/27 Battalion - Major Cemil Bey
2/27 Battalion - Major Ismet Bey
3/27 Battalion - Major Halis Bey

Attached: Broussa Gendarmerie Field Battalion

19th Division

Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal Bey

57th Regiment Colonel Hseyin Avni Bey

1/57 Battalion - Major Zeki Bey
2/57 Battalion - Captain Ata Bey
3/57 Battalion - Captain Hairi Bey

72nd Regiment Major Mehmet Munir Bey

77th Regiment Lieutenant Colonel Saib Bey

33rd Regiment Lieutenant Colonel Sevki Bey

64th Regiment Lieutenant Colonel Servet Bey

Note: 33 and 64 Regiments attached for 27 April counter-attack.

Appendix II
Special Instructions
  1. RIFLES ARE NOT TO BE LOADED, nor are magazines to be charged until troops have landed.
  2. RESERVE AMMUNITION for M.Guns is to be carried by the 10 pioneers from Bn. Hdqrs. Reserve ammunition for Companies, when landed, is to be carried under Battalion arrangements.
  3. ENTRENCHING TOOLS are to be carried by reserve Coys. of Bns. as far forward towards second objectives as possible. If discarded they should be left together under a guard of not more than two men. Bde. Reserve Tools are to be carried by a Coy. of the 12th Bn.
  4. WATER - BOTTLES and water-bags are to be filled overnight.
  5. NO RIFLE FIRE is to be employed until broad daylight. The bayonet only is to be used.
  6. The greatest care is to be taken to CONSERVE water and ammunition.
  7. The strictest maintenance of discipline as for night operations is essential to the success of the whole undertaking.
  8. The inshore advance towards the main objective is to be conducted as RAPIDLY as possible.
  9. Owing to thick scrub, it is inadvisable to send single men on messages or detached duties.
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