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Rochlitz Imre - Accident of fate : a personal account, 1938-1945

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    Accident of fate : a personal account, 1938-1945
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Accident of fate : a personal account, 1938-1945: summary, description and annotation

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Overview: Accident of Fate is a first-hand account of persecution, rescue, and resistance in the Axis-occupied former Yugoslavia. At the age of thirteen, Imre Rochlitz fled to Yugoslavia from his childhood home in Vienna following the Nazi Anschluss, leaving his family behind. In January 1942 the Ustashe (Croatian Fascists) arrested and interned him in the Jasenovac death camp, where he dug mass graves. On the verge of death, Rochlitz was released due to the extraordinary intervention of a Nazi general. He escaped to the Adriatic coast, where he and several thousand other Jewish refugees were protected by the army of Fascist Italy. After Italy s surrender, he joined Tito s Partisans, becoming an officer and army veterinarian, and rescued dozens of downed Allied airmen. In 1945, he fled Yugoslavia s Communist regime and reached liberated southern Italy. In 1947, at the age of twenty-two, he emigrated to the United States.

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LIFE WRITING SERIES In the Life Writing Series Wilfrid Laurier University - photo 1

LIFE WRITING SERIES

In the Life Writing Series, Wilfrid Laurier University Press publishes life writing and new life-writing criticism and theory in order to promote autobiographical accounts, diaries, letters, and testimonials written and/or told by women and men whose political, literary, or philosophical purposes are central to their lives. The Series features accounts written in English, or translated into English from French or the languages of the First Nations, or any of the languages of immigration to Canada.

From its inception, Life Writing has aimed to foreground the stories of those who may never have imagined themselves as writers or as people with lives worthy of being (re) told. Its readership has expanded to include scholars, youth, and avid general readers both in Canada and abroad. The Series hopes to continue its work as a leading publisher of life writing of all kinds, as an imprint that aims for both broad representation and scholarly excellence, and as a tool for both historical and autobiographical research.

As its mandate stipulates, the Series privileges those individuals and communities whose stories may not, under normal circumstances, find a welcoming home with a publisher. Life Writing also publishes original theoretical investigations about life writing, as long as they are not limited to one author or text.

Series Editor

Marlene Kadar

Humanities Division, York University

Manuscripts to be sent to:

Lisa Quinn, Acquisitions Editor

Wilfrid Laurier University Press

75 University Avenue West

Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada

Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the - photo 2

Wilfrid Laurier University Press acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Rochlitz Imre 1925 - photo 3

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Rochlitz, Imre, 1925

Accident of fate: a personal account, 19381945 / Imre Rochlitz with Joseph Rochlitz.

(Life writing)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Also issued in electronic format.

ISBN 978-1-55458-267-9

1. Rochlitz, Imre, 1925. 2. World War, 19391945Personal narratives, Jewish. 3. World War, 19391945Personal narratives, Hungarian. 4. World War, 19391945 Underground movementsYugoslaviaBiography. 5. JewsYugoslaviaBiography. 6. World War, 19391945Prisoners and prisons, Italian. 7. Holocaust, Jewish (19391945). I. Rochlitz, Joseph, 1956 II. Title. III. Series: Life writing series

DS135. H93R632011 940.5318092 C2010-907866-7

Electronic formats.

ISBN 978-1-55458-317-1 (PDF), ISBN 978-1-55458-355-2 (EPUB)

1. Rochlitz, Imre, 1925. 2. World War, 19391945Personal narratives, Jewish. 3. World War, 19391945Personal narratives, Hungarian. 4. World War, 19391945 Underground movementsYugoslaviaBiography. 5. JewsYugoslaviaBiography. 6. World War, 19391945Prisoners and prisons, Italian. 7. Holocaust, Jewish (19391945). I. Rochlitz, Joseph, 1956 II. Title. III. Series: Life writing series (Online)

DS135. H93R632011B 940.5318092 C2010-907867-5

BOOK DESIGN COVER DESIGN MAPS Ornan Rotem COVER IMAGE Order from - photo 4

BOOK DESIGN, COVER DESIGN & MAPS: Ornan Rotem. COVER IMAGE: Order from headquarters of Partisan 4th Corps, dated 27 August 1944, dispatching expert Comrade Mirko Rohli (Partisan alias of Imre Rochlitz) to the Turopolje region of Croatia, where an equine scabies epidemic had broken out (see page 137).

2011 Imre Rochlitz and Joseph Rochlitz

Every reasonable effort has been made to acquire permission for copyright material used in this text, and to acknowledge all such indebtedness accurately. Any errors and omissions called to the publishers attention will be corrected in future printings.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of the publisher or a licence from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency (Access Copyright). For an Access Copyright licence, visit www.accesscopyright.caorcall toll free to 1-800-893-5777.

Published by Wilfrid Laurier University Press

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

www.wlupress.wlu.ca

To Tamara, Naomi, and Matan

... it is even less defensible to refrain from writing

than to go on with it, however senseless it may seem.

W. G. Sebald

Against the Irreversible: On Jean Amry

Contents

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Map of Europe before the Anschluss

My parents and my brother Max, 1924

My mother, Max, and me, c. 1935

Uncle Ferdinand Dnes, c. 1908

Uncle Robert on the Italian front during W W I

Family gathering on the eve of W W I

Max and me, 1933

My class photo, 1936

Rudolf Beer, who killed himself after the Anschluss

Map of my escape route from Vienna, 1938

Uncle Robert and Aunt Camilla

The boxer Jimmy Lyggett, in a Pabst ilmstill

The yellow Star of David

Dr. Mirko Rechnitzer

Map showing the partition of Yugoslavia after the 1941 invasion

Ustashe police headquarters, where I was imprisoned

Jasenovac death camp

Mass grave at Jasenovac, 1942

Uncle Oskar on list of deported Jews, Jasenovac, 1942

My release form from Jasenovac, 1942

General von Glaise-Horstenau with the dictator Paveli

Ustashe document: Rochlitz [has] not been traced

Map showing my planned escape route from Zagreb to the Italian zone

Irene Rochlitz, my mother

Map showing route from Split to Novi Vinodolski

Mussolinis authorization of our deportation

Italian camp near Kraljevica Castle

Ceremony marking Croatian adherence to the Axis, Venice, 1941

Dispatch from the Italian ambassador to the Vatican, 1942

Kraljevica inmates in Italian uniforms, 194243

Release of inmates from Rab, 1943

A trabakula

Map of the Lika and Kordun regions of central Croatia

Major H. A. Dude Hanes, 1943

Village of Drenov Klanac

Staf of the animal hospital at Kordunsko Zagorje, 1944

Serbian villagers recognize themselves in 1944 photo, 1981

Treating a horse at the Kordunsko Zagorje animal hospital

An 8th Partisan Division pass, 1944

With Eva Deutsch

Well-clad partisan

Partisan women combatants of the 8th Division

Partisans dancing the kolo

My Hungarian passport, with names of rescued airmen and POW escapees

Junius Scales under arrest, 1954

Lockheed P-38 and Focke-Wulf 189

Crew of American B-24 bomber

My Hungarian passport, with names of rescued aircrew

With Mili Hajdin, political commissar of my unit

With Communist Party oicials in Yugoslavia, 1981

Vlados signature on my Partisan pass

At the entrance to the underground installations of the Partisans Petrova Gora hospital, 1981

Publicity poster for the ilm The Last Bridge

A German Fieseler Storch

Allied Forces HQ document showing Randolph Churchills appeal on behalf of Jewish refugees

With Sir Fitzroy Maclean in Scotland, 1995

In Bari, Italy, with brother Max and two uncles, 1945

PREFACE

BY THE TIME I TURNED TWENTY in January 1945, my father was long dead of tuberculosis, my mother had been murdered in Auschwitz, and my aunt Camilla and uncles Ferdinand and Oskar had been shot by the SS. I had been on the run for almost seven years, dug mass graves as a prisoner in the Jasenovac death camp, escaped deportation to Auschwitz thanks to the protection of the army of Fascist Italy, and was now a second lieutenant in Titos Communist Partisans.

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