Alfred E. Eckes - Opening Americas Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 (Business, Society, and the State)
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Opening Americas Market: U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 (Business, Society, and the State)
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Despite the passage of NAFTA and other recent free trade victories in the United States, former U.S. trade official Alfred Eckes warns that these developments have a dark side.Opening Americas Market offers a bold critique of U.S. trade policies over the last sixty years, placing them within a historical perspective.Eckes reconsiders trade policy issues and events from Benjamin Franklin to Bill Clinton, attributing growing political unrest and economic insecurity in the 1990s to shortsighted policy decisions made in the generation after World War II. Eager to win the Cold War and promote the benefits of free trade, American officials generously opened the domestic market to imports but tolerated foreign discrimination against American goods. American consumers and corporations gained in the resulting global economy, but many low-skilled workers have become casualties.Eckes also challenges criticisms of the infamous protectionist Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930, which allegedly worsened the Great Depression and provoked foreign retaliation. In trade history, he says, this episode was merely a mole hill, not a mountain.
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Opening America's Market : U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776 Business, Society & the State
author
:
Eckes, Alfred E.
publisher
:
University of North Carolina Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0807822132
print isbn13
:
9780807822135
ebook isbn13
:
9780807861189
language
:
English
subject
United States--Commercial policy, Exports--United States--History, Free trade--United States--History, United States--Commercial policy--Sources.
publication date
:
1995
lcc
:
HF1455.E28 1995eb
ddc
:
382/.3/0973
subject
:
United States--Commercial policy, Exports--United States--History, Free trade--United States--History, United States--Commercial policy--Sources.
Opening America's Market
BUSINESS, SOCIETY, & THE STATE
William H. Becker, editor
Opening America's Market
U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since 1776
ALFRED E. ECKES, JR.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS Chapel Hill & London
1995 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Eckes, Alfred E., 1942 Opening America's market: U.S. foreign trade policy since 1776 / Alfred E. Eckes, Jr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8078-2213-2 (alk. paper) 1. United StatesCommercial policy. 2. ExportsUnited States History. 3. Free tradeUnited StatesHistory. 4. United States Commercial policySources. I. Title. HF1455.E28 1995 382.30973dc2095-2791 CIP
An abbreviated version of Chapter 4, "Infamous Smoot-Hawley," appears as "Revisiting Smoot-Hawley" in the Journal of Policy History 7, no. 3 (Summer 1995).
Chapters 5, 6, and 7 include some material published first in "Trading American Interests," Foreign Affairs 71, no. 4 (Fall 1992): 135-54.
99 98 97 966 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Introduction
xi
Chapter 1
Free Trade and Economic Security, 17761860
1
Chapter 2
Protection and Prosperity?
28
Chapter 3
Unreciprocal Trade
59
Chapter 4
Infamous Smoot-Hawley
100
Chapter 5
Cordell Hull's Tariff Revolution
140
Chapter 6
Opening America's Market, 19601974
178
Chapter 7
Illusive Safeguards
219
Chapter 8
Curbing Executive Discretion in Unfair Trade Cases
257
Epilogue
278
Notes
291
Bibliography
349
Index
383
Page vii
Tables
2.1
U.S. Customs Duties and Federal Revenue, Selected Years from 1860 to 1992
49
2.2
Comparative Annual Growth of Real Gross Domestic Product in Selected Countries and Western Europe, 18701913
50
2.3
Comparative Export Growth Rates in Selected Countries and the World, 18701913
51
2.4
Comparative Tariff Levels, 1913
52
2.5
U.S. Growth in Gross National Product and Per Capita GNP, 18901910 and 19721992
53
2.6
U.S. Growth in Gross National Product and Per Capita GNP, 18891929 and 19521992
54
4.1
U.S. Tariff Levels, Selected Years from 1828 to 1992
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