John Krige - Science in the Twentieth Century

Companion to Science in the
Twentieth Century

BOOKS AVAILABLE IN THE ROUTLEDGE WORLD REFERENCE SERIES:

Biographical Dictionary of Psychology

Edited by Noel Sheehy, Antony J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy

Hb: 0415 099978

Pb: 0415 285615

Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers

Edited by Stuart Brown, Dian Collinson and Robert Wilkinson

Hb: 0415 060435

Pb: 0415 286050

Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology

Edited by Tim Ingold

Hb:0415 021375

Pb: 0415 286042

Companion Encyclopedia of Geography

Edited by Ian Douglas, Richard Huggett and Mike Robinson

Hb:0415 074177

Pb: 0415 277507

Companion to Historiography

Edited by Michael Bentley

Hb: 0415 030846

Pb: 0415 285577

Companion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century

Edited by Roger Cooter and John Pickston Hb: 90 5702 479 9 (published as Medicine in the Twentieth Century)

Pb: 0415 286034

Companion to Science in the Twentieth Century

Edited by John Krige and Dominique Pestre

Hb:90 5702 1722

Pb: 0415 286069

Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture

Edited by Alex Hughes and Keith Reader

Hb:0415 131863

Pb: 0415 263549

Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture

Edited by John Sandford

Hb: 0415 124484

Pb: 0415 263522

Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture

Edited by Gino Moliterno

Hb: 0415 145848

Pb: 0415 285569

Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture

Edited by Eamonn Rodgers

Hb:0415 131871

Pb: 0415 263530

Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology

Edited by Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer

Hb: 0415 09996X

Pb: 0415 285585

The Social Sciences Encyclopedia

Edited by Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper

Hb: 0415 108292

Pb: 0415 285607

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First published in The Netherlands by

Routledge 1997

First published in paperback 2003

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

Transferred to Digital Printing 2006

1997, 2003 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association)

Amsterdam BV

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Science in the twentieth century

1. Science History 20th Century

I. Krige, John II. Pestre, Dominique 509.04

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN 9057021722 (hbk)

ISBN 0415286069 (pbk)
ISBN 978-1-136-48339-4 (ePub)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent

Printed and bound by CPI Antony Rowe, Eastbourne

P NINA G. A SIR -A M

The Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Massachusetts, USA

J AMES R. B ARTHOLOMEW

Department of History, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA

B ERNADETTE B ENSAUDE V INCENT

Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France

F RANS B ERKHOUT

Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK

C HRISTOPHE B ONNEUIL

REHSEIS, Paris, France

P AOLO B RENNI

Istituto e Musco di Storia della Scienza, Florence, Italy

W. B ERNARD C ARLSON

School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Virginia, USA

Y VES C OHEN

Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France

J OHN P ETER C OLLETT

Historisk Institutt, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

S USAN E. C OZZENS

Department of Science and Technology Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York USA

A MY D. D ALMEDICO

CNRS, Paris, France

M ICHAEL A ARON D ENNIS

Science and Technology Studies, Cornell University, New York, USA

R ONALD E. D OEL

Department of History, University of Alaska, Alaska, USA

D AVID E DGERTON

Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK

W ENDY F AULKNER

Department of Sociology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK

D EBORAH F ITZGERALD

Department of Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA

Y ASU F URUKAWA

Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan

L OUIS G ALAMBOS

Department of History, John Hopkins University, Maryland, USA

P ETER G ALISON

Department of History, University of Harvard, Massachusetts, USA

JEAN -P AUL G AUDILLIERE

Department of History, Princeton University, New Jersey, USA

R OGER L. G EIGER

Higher Education Program, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA

L ILLIAN H ODDESON

Department of History, University of Illinois, Illinois, USA

K ARL H UFBAUER

Department of History, University of California at Irvine, California, USA

A SHOK J AIN

National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi, India

H ARMKE K AMMINGA

Wellcome Unit for History of Medicine, Cambridge, UK

M ARTIN K EMP

Department of Art History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

E LIZABETH A. K ERR

Department of Sociology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK

D ANIEL J. K EVLES

Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, California, USA

S HARON K INGSLAND

Department of History of Science, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA

N IKOLAI K REMENTSOV

Institute for the History of Science, St Petersburg, Russia

J OHN K RIGE

School of History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA

C HRISTOPHER L AWRENCE

Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London, UK

I LANA Lowy

Hospital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France

M ICHAEL S. M AHONEY

Princeton University, New Jersey, USA

E VERETT M ENDELSOHN

Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA

P ETER J.T. M ORRIS

The Science Museum, London, UK

A NNE M ARIE M OULIN

Hospital des Enfants Malades, Paris, France

M ARY J O N YE

History Department, Oregon State University, Oregon, USA

L ARRY O WENS

Department of History, University of Massachusetts, Massachusetts, USA

T HEODORE M. P ORTER

Department of History, University of California at Los Angeles, California, USA

K EITH P AVITT

Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK