Companion to Science in the
Twentieth Century
BOOKS AVAILABLE IN THE ROUTLEDGE WORLD REFERENCE SERIES:
Biographical Dictionary of Psychology
Edited by Noel Sheehy, Antony J. Chapman and Wendy Conroy
Hb: 0415 099978
Pb: 0415 285615
Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers
Edited by Stuart Brown, Dian Collinson and Robert Wilkinson
Hb: 0415 060435
Pb: 0415 286050
Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology
Edited by Tim Ingold
Hb:0415 021375
Pb: 0415 286042
Companion Encyclopedia of Geography
Edited by Ian Douglas, Richard Huggett and Mike Robinson
Hb:0415 074177
Pb: 0415 277507
Companion to Historiography
Edited by Michael Bentley
Hb: 0415 030846
Pb: 0415 285577
Companion to Medicine in the Twentieth Century
Edited by Roger Cooter and John Pickston Hb: 90 5702 479 9 (published as Medicine in the Twentieth Century)
Pb: 0415 286034
Companion to Science in the Twentieth Century
Edited by John Krige and Dominique Pestre
Hb:90 5702 1722
Pb: 0415 286069
Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture
Edited by Alex Hughes and Keith Reader
Hb:0415 131863
Pb: 0415 263549
Encyclopedia of Contemporary German Culture
Edited by John Sandford
Hb: 0415 124484
Pb: 0415 263522
Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture
Edited by Gino Moliterno
Hb: 0415 145848
Pb: 0415 285569
Encyclopedia of Contemporary Spanish Culture
Edited by Eamonn Rodgers
Hb:0415 131871
Pb: 0415 263530
Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology
Edited by Alan Barnard and Jonathan Spencer
Hb: 0415 09996X
Pb: 0415 285585
The Social Sciences Encyclopedia
Edited by Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper
Hb: 0415 108292
Pb: 0415 285607
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First published in The Netherlands by
Routledge 1997
First published in paperback 2003
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Transferred to Digital Printing 2006
1997, 2003 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association)
Amsterdam BV
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Science in the twentieth century
1. Science History 20th Century
I. Krige, John II. Pestre, Dominique 509.04
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 9057021722 (hbk)
ISBN 0415286069 (pbk)
ISBN 978-1-136-48339-4 (ePub)
Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent
Printed and bound by CPI Antony Rowe, Eastbourne
P NINA G. A SIR -A M
The Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Massachusetts, USA
J AMES R. B ARTHOLOMEW
Department of History, The Ohio State University, Ohio, USA
B ERNADETTE B ENSAUDE V INCENT
Laboratoire de Genetique Moleculaire, Ecole Normale Superieure, Paris, France
F RANS B ERKHOUT
Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
C HRISTOPHE B ONNEUIL
REHSEIS, Paris, France
P AOLO B RENNI
Istituto e Musco di Storia della Scienza, Florence, Italy
W. B ERNARD C ARLSON
School of Engineering, University of Virginia, Virginia, USA
Y VES C OHEN
Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France
J OHN P ETER C OLLETT
Historisk Institutt, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
S USAN E. C OZZENS
Department of Science and Technology Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York USA
A MY D. D ALMEDICO
CNRS, Paris, France
M ICHAEL A ARON D ENNIS
Science and Technology Studies, Cornell University, New York, USA
R ONALD E. D OEL
Department of History, University of Alaska, Alaska, USA
D AVID E DGERTON
Centre for the History of Science, Technology and Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
W ENDY F AULKNER
Department of Sociology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
D EBORAH F ITZGERALD
Department of Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
Y ASU F URUKAWA
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tokyo Denki University, Tokyo, Japan
L OUIS G ALAMBOS
Department of History, John Hopkins University, Maryland, USA
P ETER G ALISON
Department of History, University of Harvard, Massachusetts, USA
JEAN -P AUL G AUDILLIERE
Department of History, Princeton University, New Jersey, USA
R OGER L. G EIGER
Higher Education Program, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA
L ILLIAN H ODDESON
Department of History, University of Illinois, Illinois, USA
K ARL H UFBAUER
Department of History, University of California at Irvine, California, USA
A SHOK J AIN
National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies, New Delhi, India
H ARMKE K AMMINGA
Wellcome Unit for History of Medicine, Cambridge, UK
M ARTIN K EMP
Department of Art History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
E LIZABETH A. K ERR
Department of Sociology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
D ANIEL J. K EVLES
Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, California Institute of Technology, California, USA
S HARON K INGSLAND
Department of History of Science, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA
N IKOLAI K REMENTSOV
Institute for the History of Science, St Petersburg, Russia
J OHN K RIGE
School of History, Technology and Society, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, USA
C HRISTOPHER L AWRENCE
Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine, London, UK