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University Press of Florida Gainesville / Tallahassee / Tampa / Boca Raton Pensacola / Orlando / Miami / Jacksonville
Page iv
This book is dedicated to two fine teachers: E. E. Dale of the University of Oklahoma and Father John Bannon, S. J., St. Louis University.
Copyright 1993 by the Board of Regents of the State of Florida. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Covington, James W. The Seminoles of Florida / James W. Covington. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8130-1196-5 1. Seminole IndiansHistory. 2. Seminole IndiansGovernment relations. 3. Seminole IndiansSocial conditions. I. Title. E99.S28C73 1992 975.9'004973dc20 9240978 CIP
The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprised of Florida A & M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida International University, Florida State University, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida.
University Press of Florida, 15 Northwest 15th Street, Gainesville, FL 32611
Page v
Contents
Maps
vii
Preface
ix
1. The Seminoles Come to Florida
3
2. Early Conflicts with White Americans
28
3. Prelude to War, 18211833
50
4. The Second Seminole War, Phase 1, 18351838
72
5. The Second Seminole War, Phase 2, 18381842
96
6. A Period of Crisis
110
7. The Final War, 18551858
128
8. Early Contacts and Establishment of a Reservation
145
9. Missionary Efforts and New Federal Reservations
165
10. Lucien A. Spencer and His Work, 19131931
177
11. Brighton and Big Cypress Reservations
201
12. The New Deal, World War II, and the Advance of Christianity
219
13. The Reservation Indians
233
Page vi
14. The Miccosukee and Trail Indians
257
Epilogue
273
Appendix A. Seminole Census, 1913
275
Appendix B. Superintendents and Agents for the Federal Seminole Agency
289
Appendix C. State of Florida Indian Affairs Consultants, Chairs, or Commissioners
291
Appendix D. Boards of Directors and Tribal Councils
293
Notes
299
Bibliography
341
Index
355
Page vii
Maps
Seminole Settlements in Florida before 1770
15
Battles and Events of the War of 1812 and the First Seminole War
44
Significant Sites, 18231850
105
Present-day Seminole Reservations
209
Page ix
Preface
This book was a long time in the making. I developed a fondness for the American Indian as a child in St. Louis, Missouri, reading again and again the accounts of Tecumseh, Pontiac, and Geronimo in Famous American Indians and later relating those stories to young campers in the YMCA summer camps where I was employed. After World War II, I worked at Muskogee High School, Muskogee, Oklahoma, where the agency for the five civilized tribes was located and which was near Fort Gibson, where the Seminoles disembarked from river steamers after their trip from Florida. It was my first opportunity to see a number of Indians living an ordinary life. I also visited Bacone College at Muskogee, a two-year Baptist college for American Indians.
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