Charles Wolf Jr. - Economic Openess: Many Facets, Many Metrics
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Assesses economic openess in various countries and regional entities with emphasis on non-tariff barriers, employing three methods: (1) a microeconomic method-using a new survey research instrument that focuses on the ease or difficulty of engaging in trade and investment business in five countries or regions: the United States, Japan, China, South Korea, and Germany as a proxy for the European Union; (2) a micropolitical method--a detailed review of regulations and practices affecting the ease or difficulty of doing business in these countries; and (3) a macroeconomical method--preliminary examination of the relationship between real and normal currency values in same countries.
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The research described in this report was sponsored by the Smith Richardson Foundation under Contract No. 9501-159/9601-928.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data wolf, Charles, 1924 Economic openness : many facets, many metrics / Charles Wolf, Jr., Hugh Levaux, Daochi Tong. p. cm. "Supported by the Smith Richardson Foundation." "MR-1072-SRF." Includes bibliographical references (p. ). ISBN 0-8330-2737-9 1. Free tradeEconometric models. 2. Nontariff trade barriersEconometric models. 3. International trade Econometric models. 4. Commercial policyEconometric models. I. Levaux, Hugh P. II. Tong, Daochi. III. Title. HF1713.W65 1999 382.7'1dc21 99-26316 CIP
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Page i
Economic Openness
Many Facets, Many Metrics
Charles Wolf, Jr., Hugh P. Levaux, Daochi Tong
Supported by the Smith Richardson Foundation
Page iii
Preface
The purpose of this study is to develop and apply new ways of analyzing economic "openness," with particular emphasis on non-tariff barriers to openness that may make it more difficult to do business in various countries and regions. Our intended audience includes those engaged in business abroad, or planning to so engage, as well as scholars and policymakers in this field.
Page v
Contents
Preface
iii
Figures
vii
Tables
ix
Summary
xi
Acknowledgements
xvii
1. Introduction: Objectives, Background, and Study Design
1
2. How Difficult Is It to Do Business in Five Countries? The Survey of Economic Openness
7
3. What the Regulatory and Legal Documents Say
29
4. A Macroeconomic Perspective on Openness: the Relationship between Real and Nominal Exchange Rates
43
5. Concluding Observations
51
Appendix
A. Survey Questionnaire
55
B. Question-by-Question Replies to the Survey Questionnaire
67
C. Summary Statistics of Survey Data
87
D. Individual Country Reviews of Legal and Administrative Documents Relating to Non-Tariff Barriers
109
Bibliography
133
Page vii
Figures
2.1 Patterns of Trade Related Openness
17
2.2 Patterns in Investment-Related Openness
20
2.3 Aggregate Response Means
23
3.1 Aggregate Index of Openness Based on Document Review
40
4.1 Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parities, 1991-1994: Germany
44
4.2 Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parities, 1991-1994: Korea
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