This book reflects the contributions of hundreds of students who have taken my Moral Leaders course at Union University and Mercer University since the late 1990s. I am deeply grateful to each student whose engagement has improved this book and am reminded that scholarship is always, one way or another, a group effort. Colin and I especially acknowledge the students at McAfee School of Theology of Mercer University in the fall 2017 semester who participated in the development of this book during their Moral Leaders course: Brandon Brock, Joy Bugg, Tiffany Burch, Preston Cooley, Harrison Litzell, Darrnell Long, Adam Peeler, Christiana Tsang, Peyton Wade, and Heather Wright. I offer my profound gratitude to my coauthor, Colin Holtz, who has transitioned from student to colleague through his amazing work on this book. Theres no going back now! Above all, I thank the God who called, inspired, and sustained the women and men we profile in this book.
I would not be in a position to write these words without the love and support of my family, they have been there for me in good times and bad. I thank God for pouring out undeserved blessings and delivering me time and again. I owe my friends and family at McAfee School of Theology, CenterForm, and Commonwealth Baptist Church a big thank you for their much-needed encouragement during the writing process. Finally, I would especially like to thank David Gushee, a mentor and friend, for offering me the opportunity to explore and be inspired by these astonishing lives.
Moral Leaders Time Line
1759 (Aug. 24 ): William Wilberforce born.
1807: British Parliament votes to abolish slave trade.
1809 (Feb. 12): Abraham Lincoln born.
1820 (May 12): Florence Nightingale born.
1822?: Harriet Tubman born.
1833 (July 26): British Parliament emancipates all slaves.
1833 (July 29): William Wilberforce dies.
1849 (fall ): Tubman escapes slavery.
185059: Tubman shepherds slaves to freedom.
185456 : Nightingale serves as nurse in Crimean War.
1860: Lincoln elected president of the United States.
1861: US Civil War begins; Nightingale advises army hospital.
1862 (July 16): Ida B. Wells born.
1862: Tubman begins Civil War service as nurse and spy.
1863: Emancipation Proclamation.
1864: Lincoln reelected president.
1865 (Apr . 14): Abraham Lincoln shot; dies April 15.
1865 (Dec. 18 ): Thirteenth Amendment, barring slavery, takes effect.
1869 (Oct. 2): Mohandas Gandhi born.
1884: Wells begins writing for newspapers.
1892: Wells begins campaign against lynching.
1893: Gandhi begins campaigning in South Africa.
1906 (Feb. 4): Dietrich Bonhoeffer born.
1910: Wells-Barnett helps found NAACP.
1910 (Aug. 13): Florence Nightingale dies.
1910 (Aug. 26): Mother Teresa born.
1913 (Mar. 10): Harriet Tubman dies.
191418: World War I.
1915: Gandhi returns to India from South Africa.
1917 (Aug. 15): Oscar Romero born.
1918 (July 18): Nelson Mandela born.
1920 (May 18): Karol Wojtyla (Pope John Paul II) born.
1928 (Sept. 30): Elie Wiesel born.
1929: Mother Teresa arrives in India.
1929 (Jan. 15 ): Martin Luther King Jr. born.
1930 (Mar. 12): Gandhi leads Salt March.
1931 (Mar. 25): Ida B. Wells-Barnett dies.
1933: Hitler consolidates control of Germany.
1938 (Nov. 910): Kristallnacht pogrom amid rising anti-Jewish sentiment in Germany.
1939: Bonhoeffer returns to Germany and joins conspiracy.
193945: World War II.
1940: Nazis construct concentration camp at Auschwitz.
1941: Germany begins implementation of Final Solution.
1943: Bonhoeffer arrested.
1944 (May): Wiesel family deported to Auschwitz; several killed.
1945 (Feb.): Wiesel and Bonhoeffer at Buchenwald concentration camp.
1945 (Apr. 9): Dietrich Bonhoeffer hanged.
1945 (Apr. 30): Hitler commits suicide.
1946: Mass killings in conflicts between Indian Muslims and Hindus.
1946 (Sept. 10 ): Mother Teresa called to serve poorest of the poor.
1946 (Nov. 1): Wojtyla ordained.
1947 (Aug. 15): Indian independence and birth of Pakistan.
1948 (Jan. 30): Mohandas Gandhi assassinated.
1948 : Apartheid regime begins in South Africa.
1955: Montgomery bus boycott begins.
1958: Wiesel publishes Night .
196265: Second Vatican Council.
1963 (Aug. 28): King delivers I Have a Dream speech.
1964 : Wojtyla named archbishop of Cracow.
1964 (June 12): Mandela begins 27 years behind bars.
1964 (Dec. 10): King awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
1968 (Apr. 4): Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated.
1977: Romero becomes archbishop of San Salvador.
1978: Wojtyla becomes Pope John Paul II.
1979: Mother Teresa awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
1980 (Mar. 24): Oscar Romero assassinated.
1986: Wiesel wins Nobel Peace Prize.
198991: Communist regimes collapse across Europe.
1990 (Feb. 11): Mandela released from jail.
1993: Mandela wins Nobel Peace Prize.
1994: Mandela becomes president of South Africa.
1997 (July 12): Malala Yousafzai born.
1997 (Sept. 5): Mother Teresa dies.
2005 (Apr. 2): Pope John Paul II dies.
2012 (Oct. 9): Yousafzai shot in the head by the Taliban.
2013 (Dec. 5): Nelson Mandela dies.
2014 (Oct. 10): Yousafzai awarded Nobel Peace Prize.
2016 (July 2): Elie Wiesel dies.
Introduction
The Study of Moral Leadership
In early January 1920, twelve men sat in jail, condemned to die. A few months before, they and other poor black tenant farmers from Elaine, Arkansas, had met at a local church to organize against the outrageously low prices for cotton the white owners of their land insisted upon. The farmers posted armed guards outside for fear of retaliation. As they assembled that night, there was a rapid burst of gunshots. No one knows who fired first, but a local white man lay dead in the aftermath.