Gordon Stewart - History of Canada Before 1867 (Acsus Papers)
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Canada--History--To 1763 (New France) , Canada--History--1763-1867.
publication date
:
1996
lcc
:
F1030.S85 1996eb
ddc
:
971
subject
:
Canada--History--To 1763 (New France) , Canada--History--1763-1867.
Page i
Canada Before 1867
Gordon Stewart
Page ii
The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States (ACSUS)
The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States (ACSUS), founded in 1971, is a multidisciplinary academic organization devoted to encouraging and supporting the study of Canada and the Canada-United States relationship in all its facets. ACSUS publishes a quarterly scholarly journal, The American Review of Canadian Studies, a regular newsletter, Canadian Studies Update, and hosts a biennial conference atrracting over 600 participants. ACSUS is the largest association of Canadian Studies specialists in the world.
Also published by ACSUS:
Northern Exposures: Scholarship on Canada in the United States, edited by Karen L. Gould, Joseph T. Jockel, and William Metcalfe (1993) ISBN 1-883027-00-4
Copyright 1989, 1996, The Association for Canadian Studies in the United States, Washington, D.C. and Michigan State University Press.
Page iii
Acknowledgment
The ACSUS Papers were conceived to provide suitable core materials for introductory college courses and solid background material for more focused courses on Canada for undergraduates in the United States. The first edition, published in 1989, was extremely successful in serving this market. The concept of the series has withstood the test of time and ACSUS is pleased to cooperate with Michigan State University Press on this second edition.
This edition was made possible with the assistance of the Government of Canada/avec l'aide du Gouvernement du Canada.
Editors:
Joseph T. Jockel St. Lawrence University
Victor M. Howard Michigan State University
Page 1
Canada is a vast land that has been settled by many peoples over the centuries. This settlement began (as far as the archaeological record shows) with groups of hunters originally from Asia, called the "fluted point" people (because they used fluted spear points chipped from stone), who, between 9500 and 8200 B.C.E., occupied sites from modern Alaska to southern Alberta. Between A.D. 500 and 1400 the Thule, or Inuit, peoples gradually spread from Alaska to Labrador. By 1500 the huge swath of land from the Atlantic provinces across the Canadian Shield (the rocky and forested band of territory extending around Hudsons' Bay in the shape of a giant shield) to the Prairies was occupied by Algonquian-speaking peoples, who lived by hunting and gathering. To the south of them, in the St. Lawrence valley and the eastern Great Lakes region, were Iroquois groups, settled in substantial villages.
The initial European contact with this land came about A.D. 1000, when groups of Norse people from Greenland and Iceland briefly settled on the northern tip of Newfoundland. The main European penetration, however, began with the French occupation of the St. Lawrence Valley in the early seventeenth century, from which base they extended their trade routes across the interior of the continent as far south as the Gulf of Mexico and as far west as the Rocky Mountains. A hundred-and-fifty-year period of French colonization was followed by the British conquest in 1759 and a series of British immigrations through the late eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth centuries. In 1867, however, the French and English populations of the new Dominion of Canada totaled only 3.5 million and were clustered in the St. Lawrence Valley, southern Ontario, and the coasts and valleys of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Canada was the most important settlement colony in Britain's mighty Victorian empire, but the people were still a speck on the vast terrain that made up the nation of Canada. The number of people in Canada both in the Amerindian and European eras has always been small compared with the vast extent of territory that is nominally Canadian. But vast tracts of that territory in the north and in the Canadian Shield are not suitable for large, settled populations. Thus, from the beginning of their history European Canadianswhether French or Britishhave had to be keenly aware of the powerful forces of geography that have made nation-building an arduous enterprise.
Canada may seem to be somewhat of an artificial creation. It is a nation divided between two languages and culturesthe French Canadians and the English Canadians. It is a nation apparently fragmented by geography. The inhospitable Canadian Shield interposes about 1,000 miles of sparsely populated wilderness between the thickly settled regions of southern Ontario and southern
Page 2
Manitoba. The natural geographic and economic forces on the continent seem to flow in a north-south rather than an east-west direction. The Maritime Provinces have many historical and contemporary ties with the New England states; Ontario and Quebec are part of the region comprising the U.S. Midwest, Pennsylvania, and New York; the Canadian Prairie Provinces have more in common in terms of economic activity with the American plains states than with Ontario and Quebec; and British Columbia tucked in behind the Rocky Mountains on the Pacific Rim has a similar orientation to California and the American Pacific coast states. The string of provinces stretching in a single line across the continent may seem, therefore, to constitute a fragile entity. Strong regional sentiment is very much part of contemporary Canadian culture, and one of the stock debates in Canada since the 1950s has been on whether there is a Canadian identity. There are some fears, for example, connected with the current free trade agreement between the United States and Canada that with free trade the north-south economic and geographic forces will become even more powerful and that Canada, after years of painfully building up an east-west economy, will be fatally weakened as an independent nation.
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