During the twentieth century, the Soviet Union turned the Kola Peninsula in the northwest corner of the country into one of the most populated, industrialized, militarized, and polluted parts of the Arctic. This transformation suggests, above all, that environmental relations fundamentally shaped the Soviet experience. Interactions with the natural world both enabled industrial livelihoods and curtailed socialist promises. Nature itself was a participant in the communist project. Taking a long-term comparative perspective, The Nature of Soviet Power sees Soviet environmental history as part of the global pursuit for unending economic growth among modern states. This in-depth exploration of railroad construction, the mining and processing of phosphorus-rich apatite, reindeer herding, nickel and copper smelting, and energy production in the region examines Soviet cultural perceptions of nature, plans for development, lived experiences, and modifications to the physical world. While Soviet power remade nature, nature also remade Soviet power.
Andy Bruno is Assistant Professor in the Department of History and Faculty Associate in Environmental Studies at Northern Illinois University.
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Andy Bruno 2016
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Contents
Figures
Maps
Tables
Acknowledgments
In one way or another, this book has been with me for over a third of my life. As one would expect from such a long-term project, I have accrued countless debts while working on it. Far too many people have assisted me in the process to mention them all. So let me start by offering a huge thank you to everyone who has helped in even the smallest of ways. This book would not be what it is without you.
I began concocting the idea of an in-depth environmental history of a region in the Russian Arctic as an undergraduate at Reed College, even before I knew that the field of environmental history existed. My wonderful professors there did a tremendous amount to start me off on a serious scholarly path. While studying as an MA student at the European University at Saint Petersburg with support from the Fulbright U.S. Student Program, Julia Lajus, Alla Bolotova, Aleksei Kraikovskii, and Daniil Aleksandrov introduced me to many of the classics of environmental history scholarship and taught me about the fascinating history of the Kola Peninsula. Over the years they have gone from being supportive mentors to treasured colleagues.