Northrup - Encyclopedia of world trade. Volumes 1-4 : from ancient times to the present

I would like to thank Dr. James Ciment, who recommended me to M.E. Sharpe as the editor for Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present. During the course of this project, many people have provided invaluable advice, assistance, and encouragement for which I am grateful. I offer a special thanks to Drs. Jerry Bentley, Alfred E. Eckes Jr., Patrick Manning, Steven C. Topik, and Spencer Tucker for serving on the board of advisers.

Throughout this entire endeavor, I have had the support of the Department of History at the University of Texas, Arlington. I would like to extend a special thanks to Dr. Don Kyle, chair of the department, who arranged my teaching schedule so that I would have time to work on this project. Dr. Stephen Stillwell Jr. offered many helpful suggestions and information throughout the process. Others within the department graciously agreed to contribute to the work. I would like to thank the reference librarians at Southern Methodist University, the Dallas Public Library, the Fort Worth Public Library, and especially at the University of Texas, Arlington, where I took advantage of an extensive library collection to verify a multitude of details and locate primary source materials.

The efforts of the contributors made this work possible. The breadth of knowledge and the vast time span covered in the entries is truly impressive. I would like to express my profound gratitude to those contributors who completed the last few entries at the end of the project on such short notice.

To my family, a special thanks. They endured many days and nights without me so that this work could be finished on time.

Cynthia Clark Northrup

Abdelnour, Farras. Trade at Ugarit in the 13th Century BC. www.escape.com/~farras/ugarit.htm (accessed November 2002).

Abulafia, David. Commerce and Conquest in the Mediterranean, 11001500. Aldershot, UK: Variorum, 1993.

. The Mediterranean in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Before European Hegemony: The World-System: A.D. 12501350. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Ackroyd, Peter. The Great Fire of London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.

Aczel, Amir D. The Riddle of the Compass. New York: Harcourt, 2001

Administration: Lost Cities of the Sahara. www.le.ac.uk/press/press/sahara.html (accessed December 2003). Adshead, S.A.M. Salt and Civilization. New York: St. Martins, 1992

Afolayan, Funso. Bantu Expansion and Its Consequences. In Africa. Vol. 1, African History before 1885. Edited by Toyin Falola. Durham: Carolina Academic, 2000.

AfricanMecca Inc. Trade and Immigration to the East Coast of Africa, 20012002. www.africanmeccasafaris.com/africa/history/tradeimmigrationeastafrica.asp (accessed May 2004).

Aftalion, Florin. The French Revolution: An Economic Interpretation. Translated by Martin Thom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Ahiakpor, James C.W. Rawlings, Economic Policy Reform, and the Poor: Consistency or Betrayal? Journal of Modern African Studies 29, no. 4 (December 1991).

Ajayi, J.F. Ade, and Michael Crowder, eds. History of West Africa. Vol. 2. New York: Colombia University Press, 1974.

Akbar, A.S., and H. Donnan, eds. Islam, Globalization and Postmodernity. London: Routledge, 1994.

Alavi, Seema, ed. The Eighteenth Century in India. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Albright, W.F. Syria, the Philistines, and Phoenicia. In The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 2. Pt. 2. Edited by I.E.S. Edwards et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.

Aldred, Cyril. Egyptian Art in the Days of the Pharaohs, 3100320 BC . London: Thames and Hudson, 1980.

Alexander, Jonathan J.G. Medieval Illuminators and Their Methods of Work. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Alexandrowicz, C.H. The Afro-Asian Nations and the Law of Nations. Hague Recueil 123, no. 117 (1968).

Allchin, Bridget, and Raymond Allchin. The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Allen, J.A., ed. The Sahara: Ecological Change and Early Economic History. Boulder: Westview, 1983.

Allwood, John. The Great Expositions. New York: Macmillan, 1978.

Amin, Galal A. The Modernisation of Poverty. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1974.

Ammarell, Gene. Bugis Navigation. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, 1999.

Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 17541766. New York: Vintage, 2001.

Anderson, Sheldon. A Dollar to Poland Is a Dollar to Russia: United States Economic Diplomacy toward Poland, 1945 1950. East European Quarterly (March 1992): 77108.

Anderton, Charles H., and John R. Carter. The Impact of War on Trade: An Interrupted Time-Series Study. Journal of Peace Research 38, no. 4 (July 2001): 445458.

Andresson, T. Multinational Investment in Developing Countries: A Study of Taxation and Nationalization. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Andrews, Anthony P. Maya Salt Production and Trade. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1983.

Andrews, E. Wyllys, IV. Ancient Maya Use of Marine Mollusca. Middle American Research Institute Publication. New Orleans: Tulane University Press, 1969.

Anugwom, E.E. Sociology, Industrial Sociology and Industrial Life: A Nexus of Necessity in Society. In Readings in Sociological Studies . Vol. 2. Edited by P.C. Onyia, C. Owoh, and P.C. Ezeah. Enugu, Nigeria: Rainbow and ESUT, 2003.

. Work, Occupation and Society. Nsukka, Nigeria: AP, 2002

Aoyama, Kazuo. Ancient Maya State, Urbanism, Exchange, and Craft Specialization. Department of Anthropology Memoirs in Latin American Archaeology, no. 12. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1999.

Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1996.

Appleyard, D.R., and A.J. Field. International Economics. Boston: Irwin, 1995.

The Applied History Research Group. Portugal: The European Voyages of Exploration. University of Calgary, www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/portuguese.html (accessed May 2004).

Apter, David E. The Gold Coast in Transition. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.

Arenson, Sarah. The Encircled Sea: The Mediterranean Maritime Civilization. Durham: Carolina Academic, 1991.

Aris, Stephen. Arnold Weinstock and the Making of GEC. London: Aurum, 1998.

Arkin, Marcus. Aspects of Jewish Economic History. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1975.

Armento, Beverly J., et al . Across the Centuries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003.

Armentrout, Patricia. Paying without Money. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke, 1996.

Armstrong, Karen. A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Knopf, 1994.

. Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Todays World. New York: Random House, 2001.

Arrighi, Giovanni. The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Time. London: Verso, 1994.

Artos, Allen. The Astrolabe and Other Phenomenal Wonders. Black Mountain, NC: Lorien House, 1996.

Ascherson, Neal. Black Sea. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.

Ash, Mark, and Eric Dohlman. Soybeans and Oil Crops: Trade. www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/SoyBeansOilCrops/ (accessed January 2004).

Ashtor, Eliyahu. East-West Trade in the Medieval Mediterranean. London: Variorum Reprints, 1986.

Aspin, Christopher. James Hargreaves and the Spinning Jenny. Helmshore, UK: Helmshore Local History Society, 1964.

Asprey, R.B. War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History. New York: Morrow, 1975.

Aubet, Maria Eugenia. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Auge, Christian, and Jean-Marie Dentzer. Petra: Lost City of the Ancient World. New York: Abrams, 2000.