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Harsh V Pant - Indian Nuclear Policy: Oxford India Short Introductions

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Harsh V Pant Indian Nuclear Policy: Oxford India Short Introductions
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Indias first Prime, Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, laid the foundations of an elaborate atomic energy program in 1948, just a year after Indias independence. Yet, it took Indian decision-makers more than 50 years to declare the country a nuclear-weapon state in May 1998. Once India crossed the nuclear rubicon, it has managed to transform itself into a major nuclear power.This short introductionprovides a clear and succinct account of the evolution of Indian nuclear policy over seven decades since Independence. Situating Indias nuclear behaviour in its quest for global status, demands of national security, vagaries of domestic politics and the idiosyncrasies of the individuals who led its nuclear program, it explains how Indias engagement with the atom is unique in international nuclear history and politics.
Utilizing the recently declassified archival documents and oral history interviews, the five chapters follow a linear historical narrative explaining how Indias nuclear pioneers established the nuclear program after independence; Indias development of a nuclear weapons option after the Chinese nuclear test of 1964; its nuclear refrain after the 1974 PNE; its pathways to nuclearisation in the decade of 1980s and 1990s; and finally its rise as a nuclear weapons power after the 1998 nuclear test.

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OXFORD
INDIA SHORT
INTRODUCTIONS

INDIAN NUCLEAR
POLICY

The Oxford India Short

Introductions are concise,

stimulating, and accessible guides

to different aspects of India.

Combining authoritative analysis,

new ideas, and diverse perspectives,

they discuss subjects which are

topical yet enduring, as also

emerging areas of study and debate.

OTHER TITLES IN THE SERIES

Monetary Policy

Partha Ray

The Civil Services in India

S.K. Das

Panchayati Raj

Kuldeep Mathur

Affirmative Action in India

Ashwini Deshpande

The Right to Information in India

Sudhir Naib

The Indian Middle Class

Surinder S. Jodhka and Aseem Prakash

Bollywood

M.K. Raghavendra

Citizenship in India

Anupama Roy

Business, Institutions, Environment

Runa Sarkar

Indian National Security

Chris Ogden

Party System in India

Rekha Diwakar

For more information, visit our website:

https://india.oup.com/content/series/o/oxford-india-short-introductions/

OXFORD INDIA SHORT INTRODUCTIONS

INDIAN NUCLEAR POLICY

HARSH V. PANT

YOGESH JOSHI

Indian Nuclear Policy Oxford India Short Introductions - image 1

Indian Nuclear Policy Oxford India Short Introductions - image 2

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.

It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship,

and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of

Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.

Published in India by

Oxford University Press

2/11 Ground Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, India

Oxford University Press 2018

The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.

First Edition published in 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the

prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted

by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics

rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the

above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the

address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form

and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

ISBN-13 (print edition): 978-0-19-948902-2

ISBN-10 (print edition): 0-19-948902-5

ISBN-13 (eBook): 978-0-19-909383-0

ISBN-10 (eBook): 0-19-909383-0

Typeset in 11/14.3 Bembo Std

by The Graphics Solution, New Delhi 110 092

Printed in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd

Contents

India has travelled a long distance from being a nuclear pariah to a de facto member of the nuclear club. As India continues to search for its complete integration into the global nuclear order, this book explores the trajectory of Indian nuclear policy from the early days since Independence to the present. In so doing, it hopes to underline key debates, both policy and conceptual, that have shaped this trajectory.

This is a huge subject but the constraints of Oxford India Short Introductions (OISI) series forced us to be more focused and disciplined in our approach. We would like to thank the editors at Oxford University Press for patiently working with us on the project till completion. Thanks to Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi, where both of us were based during the conception and completion of the project. We are especially thankful to Gaurav Sharma who generously shared his PhD dissertation on India and nuclear disarmament with us, as well as to Akshay Ranade and Ketan Mehta for their help in preparing the bibliography. This book would not have been possible without the time so many members of the Indian scientific, defence, and foreign policy establishment gave us, sharing their views and ideas. Finally, we owe a deep debt of gratitude to our respective families whose support has kept us afloat in more ways than one.

This book is dedicated to our teachers who have shaped our intellectual trajectories. Nothing would have been possible without them.

AECAtomic Energy Commission
BARCBhabha Atomic Research Centre
BJPBharatiya Janata Party
CBMConfidence-Building Measure
CIRUSCanada India Reactor Utility Service
CMDCredible Minimum Deterrence
CTBTComprehensive Test Ban Treaty
DAEDepartment of Atomic Energy
DRDODefence Research and Development Organisation
ENDCEighteen Nation Disarmament Committee
FMCTFissile Material Cut-off Treaty
GEGeneral Electric
IADAInternational Atomic Development Authority
IAEAInternational Atomic Energy Agency
IAFIndian Air Force
IGMDPIntegrated Guided Missile Development Programme
IMFInternational Monetary Fund
JICJoint Intelligence Committee
kgKilogram
kmKilometre
MEAMinistry of External Affairs
MIRVMultiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle
MoDMinistry of Defence
MoFMinistry of Finance
MTCRMissile Technology Control Regime
MWTMegawatt Thermal
NAINational Archives of India
NCANuclear Command Authority
NDANational Democratic Alliance
NFUNo First Use
NMMLNehru Memorial Museum Library
NNPANuclear Non-proliferation Act
NNWSNon-nuclear Weapon States
NPTNon-Proliferation Treaty
NSABNational Security Advisory Board
NSGNuclear Suppliers Group
PMOPrime Ministers Office
PNEPeaceful Nuclear Explosion
R&DResearch and Development
RAPSRajasthan Atomic Power Station
RAWResearch and Analysis Wing
SFCStrategic Forces Command
SLBMsSea-Launched Ballistic Missiles
TAPSTarapur Atomic Power Stations
TIFRTata Institute of Fundamental Research
TNWsTactical Nuclear Weapons
UKUnited Kingdom
UKAECUnited Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
UNUnited Nations
UNDCUnited Nations Disarmament Commission
UNGAUnited Nations General Assembly
USUnited States
USAECUS Atomic Energy Commission
USSRUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics

Indias first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, laid the foundations of an elaborate atomic energy programme in April 1948, less than a year after Indias independence. Yet, it took Indian decision-makers more than 50 years to declare the country a nuclear weapon state in May 1998. For the first five decades of Indias independence, its nuclear policy remained highly ambivalent. On the one hand, it continuously strived to develop all aspects of atomic energy, including an explosive nuclear capability. On the other, it maintained a moral and political commitment to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and vouched vehemently for nuclear disarmament. This ambivalence was partly situated in the duality of the atom: it could be used for peaceful as well as destructive purposes. It was also a result of the ideological dimension of Indian foreign policy and Indias relative lack of material power. In fact, this ambivalence continued despite changes in Indias security environment and transitions in domestic politics and individual leadership. Yet, over the years, the weight of all these factors shifted continuously towards a point where ambiguity could not be sustained further. Therefore, rather than consciously choosing a nuclear weapons path, India was almost forced into being a nuclear weapons state. And once India crossed the nuclear rubicon in May 1998, it managed to transform itself into a major nuclear power. Also, within two decades of this event, India is not only making rapid technological advancement in its nuclear capability but has also managed to get accommodated in the global nuclear order. It is the only nuclear weapon state apart from the five established nuclear powers which is legally allowed to have both a nuclear weapons programme and a civilian nuclear energy programme. India is determined towards full integration in the global nuclear order, evident in its bid to become a member of technology control regimes such as the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). This transition in Indias nuclear identity has been accompanied by its transformation into a major economic power and underlines a pragmatic turn in its foreign policy thinking since the end of the Cold War.

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