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OECD - Health in the 21st Century

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OECD Health in the 21st Century
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OECD Health Policy Studies Health in the 21st Century Putting Data to Work for - photo 1
OECD Health Policy Studies
Health in the 21st Century Putting Data to Work for Stronger Health Systems
Please cite this publication as:
OECD (2019), Health in the 21st Century: Putting Data to Work for Stronger Health Systems , OECD Health Policy Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/e3b23f8e-en .
Metadata Legal and Rights ISBN 978-92-64-91094-2 print - - photo 2
Metadata, Legal and Rights
ISBN: 978-92-64-91094-2 (print) - 978-92-64-59753-2 (pdf) - 978-92-64-35551-4 (HTML) - 978-92-64-79338-5 (epub)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/e3b23f8e-en
OECD Health Policy Studies
ISSN: 2074-3181 (print) - 2074-319X (online)
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries.
This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Photo credits: Cover image adapted from elenabsl/Shutterstock.com.
Corrigenda to publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm .
OECD 2019
The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions .
Foreword

In the past thirty years, digital technology has transformed entire societies and the global economy. The extent of this transformation can be compared to previous industrial revolutions.

The essential element of digital transformation is not smartphones, software, or even the internet. It is electronic data. Digital technology is a way of creating, managing, sharing and analysing data to provide the right information to the right person at the right time. Its inherent qualities mean that this can be done extremely quickly, efficiently and at very low incremental cost. Unsurprisingly, a wide range of sectors have harnessed these unique characteristics to transform their business practices, delivering considerable consumer surpluses and social dividends.

But two decades into the 21 st century, and a similar transformation is yet to occur in health. Despite rapid digitalisation and immense opportunities in an industry where information and communication are so intrinsic to success and failure, the health sector remains data rich but information poor.

This report examines how OECD countries are leveraging data and digital technologies to achieve their health policy objectives, and how a digital transformation can help to address existing and emerging policy challenges. It continues a work programme that began in 2010, when Health Ministers asked the OECD to examine how electronic data can be put to work to improve health services, research and policy making. This work has produced several reports, culminating in the Recommendation of the OECD Council on Health Data Governance . Health Ministers welcomed the Recommendation at their subsequent meeting in 2017, where they also instructed the OECD to continue examining this topic with a focus on identifying the key barriers and enablers of a digital transformation in health.

The report finds that despite some promising signs and isolated successes, health is a long way behind other sectors. While a digital transformation is not an end in itself, it provides clear opportunities to build effective, equitable, people-centred and efficient health systems. These opportunities are currently being wasted. The report emphasises that a digital transformation does not happen spontaneously. It relies on fundamental organisational change. In health, this means overhauling the structures, policies and institutions that govern how systems function. These institutions pre-date the digital era and are notoriously resistant to change. In some ways, the arrival of digital technology has served to highlight the same problems that have stood in the way of meaningful reform for a long time.

A digital transformation is a therefore a political choice. It relies on leadership and bold policy decisions. It requires investment that, if targeted well, can deliver considerable returns. Above all, it is an opportunity to finally address several fundamental and long-standing deficiencies in the health sector, and bring health into the 21 st century for the benefit individuals, communities and societies.

Acknowledgements

Preparing this report was a joint effort by a team of authors from OECD Health Division. The work was co-ordinated by Luke Slawomirski and Martin Wenzl, who also authored several chapters. Other authors were Elina Suzuki, Karolina Socha-Dietrich, Jillian Oderkirk and Cristina Gall (an external consultant).

The team would like to acknowledge and warmly thank the country delegates of the OECD Health Committee and country experts for their responses to the policy survey, comments on the draft chapters, and suggestions at various stages of the project. Special thanks go to the topic experts who gave their time for telephone interviews.

Within the OECD Directorate of Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (ELS), the authors wish to thank Stefano Scarpetta, Mark Pearson, Francesca Colombo, Frederico Guanais, Valrie Paris and Ruth Lopert who provided valuable comments and viewpoints. Thanks also to Jens Wilkens and Peter Wyckoff, both formerly with the ELS Directorate, who contributed to the development of Chapter 8 and Chapter 4 respectively. Many thanks go to Lucy Hulett and the ELS communications team for their editorial support, and in the design and production of the report. The team would also like to thank Duniya Dedeyn, Lukasz Lech and Isabelle Vallard for their administrative support throughout the project. Thanks also to Paul Gallagher who helped sharpen the key messages from the work.

Acronyms and abbreviations
ACA
Affordable Care Act
AI
Artificial Intelligence
API
Application Programming Interface
BBMRI
Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure
CABG
Coronary artery bypass grafting
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
CEPHOS-link
Comparative Effectiveness Research on Psychiatric Hospitalisation by Record Linkage of Large Administrative Data Sets
CHF
Congestive heart failure
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CPD
Continuous professional development
CMS
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (US)
CVD
Cardiovascular diseases
DTC
Direct-to-consumer
EC
European Commission
EEA
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