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Conducting Systematic Reviews in Sport, Exercise, and Physical Activity
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David Tod
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Springer International Publishing
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2019
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David Tod

Conducting Systematic Reviews in Sport, Exercise, and Physical Activity

David Tod

School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

ISBN 978-3-030-12262-1 e-ISBN 978-3-030-12263-8

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12263-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019932953

The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: archetype/shutterstock.com

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG

The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Grace Jackson, Joanna ONeill, and Sooryadeepth Jayakrishnan from Palgrave for accepting my idea and their advice. Thanks also to Geoff Bates for his thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this book. Thank you to Rachel Tod for helping me finish.

Contents

List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Number of SPORTDiscus hits from the search meta-analysis or systematic review in title

Fig. 2.1 Phases in a systematic review

Fig. 2.2 A competency profiling worksheet

Fig. 4.1 Creswells (2014) deficiencies model for an introduction

Fig. 6.1 Phases involved in a literature search

Fig. 7.1 Example logic model for Langer (2015)

Fig. 10.1 Overview of the GRADE procedures

Fig. 11.1 The Economic and Social Research Councils steps in developing impact

Fig. 12.1 Amount of data at each stage of Tod and Edwards (2015) review

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Examples of systematic review types

Table 1.2 Examples of review methods suitable for synthesizing qualitative evidence

Table 2.1 Content of a PRISMA-P protocol (Moher et al., 2015)

Table 6.1 Example electronic databases

Table 6.2 Items from PRISMA checklist related to search documentation

Table 7.1 Example items for an extraction form

Table 7.2 Example evidence table

Table 8.1 Common types of research in sport, exercise, and physical activity

Table 9.1 Framing a review project

Table 9.2 Questions to assist mixed method review design

Table 10.1 Topics included in AMSTAR-2

Table 10.2 GRADE summary of findings for muscular obsession and health behaviours

Table 11.1 MOOSE checklist applied to Arcelus et al.s (2014) meta-analysis

Table 12.1 Stages in a systematic review for which systematic review toolbox lists possible information technology software

Table 12.2 Garner et al.s (2016) three step set of questions for updating a review

The Author(s) 2019

D. Tod Conducting Systematic Reviews in Sport, Exercise, and Physical Activity https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12263-8_1

1. Introducing Systematic Reviews

David Tod

(1)

School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK

David Tod

Email:

Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter, you should be able to:

Define terms such as systematic review and meta-analysis.
Describe differences between black box and systematic reviews.
Outline benefits of undertaking systematic reviews.
Situate systematic reviews within an historical perspective.
Appreciate the diversity of systematic reviews in sport, exercise, and physical activity.

Introduction

Combine 15 needles in a large concrete mixer along with 50 million straws of hay, and then pile them in a paddock. Now ask friends to find the needles and observe their reactions. The description illustrates the challenges facing people synthesizing research. Estimates indicate more than 50 million scientific publications exist with another 2.5 million being published per year (Ware & Mabe, ). The database currently holds 330 empirical studies, averaging 19.4 per year. Indicating the accelerating growth, 50% have been produced since 2014, meaning that currently 43 studies are being published each year. These studies have appeared across 71 journals and 87 postgraduate theses, although 39% are located in just 6 periodicals. It takes me considerable time to stay current, yet drive for muscularity is a niche area. The amount of energy and time needed to stay on top of the larger research areas in our fields requires substantially greater investment. My purpose in this book is to dismantle that challenge into its components so that you can make sense of, appreciate, and conduct a systematic review. In this chapter, I set the scene by describing what systematic reviews are and the contributions they make to our fields.

Defining Systematic Reviews

A systematic review :

Attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. It uses explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view to minimizing bias, thus providing more reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made. (Chandler, Higgins, Deeks, Davenport, & Clarke, , p. 5)

Key features include (Chandler et al.): (a) clearly stated objectives; (b) pre-defined eligibility criteria; (c) explicit and reproducible methodology; (d) systematic searches to identify all studies meeting the eligibility criteria; (e) assessment of included studies design quality; (f) evaluation of the validity of the included studies findings; and (g) systematic presentation and synthesis of the included studies.

Sometimes people confuse systematic reviews with meta-analyses, but they are different beasts (Tod & Eubank, ). Meta-analysis involves the use of statistical procedures to synthesize the results from a set of studies. Meta-analytic techniques can be applied to any set of investigations, including those collected unsystematically, in which case the results will be biased. Systematic reviews need not use statistical procedures to integrate findings. The absence (or presence) of meta-analyses does not indicate the quality or usefulness of a systematic review. Both qualitative and quantitative investigations may be included in a research synthesis. Furthermore, high quality meta-analyses will be conducted on studies located via methodical rigorous means.

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