Contents
Copyright 1986 McClelland & Stewart
Electronic edition published 2016
First published in hardback by McClelland & Stewart in 1986
Volume 19 of The Canadian Centenary Series
All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or stored in a retrieval system, without the prior written consent of the publisher or, in case of photocopying or other reprographic copying, a licence from the Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency is an infringement of the copyright law.
Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication is available upon request
e-book ISBN9780771005534
Cover Design by Colin Jaworski
Cover art: The Proclamation of the National Flag of Canada, Retrieved via Library and Archives Canada. Acc. No. 1989-253-1, C-103944
McClelland & Stewart,
a division of Penguin Random House Canada Limited,
a Penguin Random House Company
www.penguinrandomhouse.ca
v4.1
a
For
Michael,
1963-1985
A History of Canada
Ramsay Cook, EXECUTIVE EDITOR
1. Tryggvi J. Oleson Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 10001632
2. Marcel Trudel The Beginnings of New France, 15241663
3. W. J. Eccles Canada under Louis XIV, 16631701
4. Dale Miquelon New France, 17011744
5. G. F. G. Stanley New France, 17441760
6. Hilda Neatby Quebec, 17601791
7. Gerald M. Craig Upper Canada, 17841841
8. Fernand Ouellet Lower Canada, 17911840
9. W. S. MacNutt The Atlantic Provinces, 17121857
10. J. M. S. Careless The Union of the Canadas, 18411857
11. E. E. Rich The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857
12. W. L. Morton The Critical Years, 18571873
13. Peter B. Waite Canada, 18741896
14. Robert Craig Brown and Ramsay Cook Canada, 18961921
15. John Herd Thompson with Allen Seager Canada, 19221939
16. Morris Zaslow The Opening of the Canadian North, 18701914
17. Morris Zaslow The Northward Expansion of Canada, 19141967
18. D. G. Creighton Canada, 19391957
19. J. L. Granatstein Canada, 19571967
ALSO AVAILABLE IN PAPERBACK
Volumes I, III, VII, and XII of The Canadian Centenary Series were published with the help of grants from the Humanities Research Council of Canada.
CONTENTS
Canada 19571967
The Canadian Centenary Series
Half a century has elapsed since Canada and Its Provinces, the first large-scale co-operative history of Canada, was published. During that time, new historical materials have been made available in archives and libraries; new research has been carried out, and its results published; new interpretations have been advanced and tested. In these same years Canada itself has greatly grown and changed. These facts, together with the centenary of Confederation, justify the publication of a new co-operative history of Canada.
The form chosen for this enterprise was that of a series of volumes. The series was planned by the editors, but each volume will be designed and executed by a single author. The general theme of the work is the development of those regional communities which have for the past century made up the Canadian nation; and the series will be composed of a number of volumes sufficiently large to permit adequate treatment of all the phases of the theme in the light of modern knowledge.
The Centenary History, then, was planned as a series to have a certain common character and to follow a common method but to be written by individual authors, specialists in their fields. As a whole, it will be a work of specialized knowledge, the great advantage of scholarly co-operation, and at the same time each volume will have the unity and distinctive character of individual authorship. It was agreed that a general narrative treatment was necessary and that each author should deal in a balanced way with economic, political, and social history. The result, it is hoped, will be an interpretative, varied, and comprehensive account, at once useful to the student and interesting to the general reader.
The difficulties of organizing and executing such a series are apparent: the overlapping of separate narratives, the risk of omissions, the imposition of divisions which are relevant to some themes but not to others. Not so apparent, but quite as troublesome, are the problems of scale, perspective, and scope, problems which perplex the writer of a one-volume history and are magnified in a series. It is by deliberate choice that certain parts of the history are told twice, in different volumes from different points of view, in the belief that the benefits gained outweigh the unavoidable disadvantages.
W.L. MORTON,
Executive Editor.
D.G. CREIGHTON,
Advisory Editor.
Executive Editors Preface
W.L. Morton and D.G. Creighton, two of Canadas most distinguished historians, together conceived the Canadian Centenary Series, divided the work, recruited the authors, and presided over the publication of fifteen volumes. Regrettably, neither lived to see the final four books through the press. That responsibility has fallen to me. I intend to carry it through according to the letter and the spirit of the introductory statement written by the first editors, which will continue to appear in each volume. The series remains theirs, an appropriate reminder of the seminal contributions that they made to the understanding of Canadas past. Having served my apprenticeship as a historian with each of them, in different ways, it is a signal privilege for me to be able to oversee the completion of this fine series of Canadian historical volumes.